paper 2 biology

chi-squared value is 8.730

How could a plant respond to an infection?

why would an experiment use clones?

• to prevent genetic diversity and increase validity

• to ensure consistent results and isolate the effect of the independent variable.

• control variables that may affect DV

Variables that need to be controlled when growing plants/clones for an experiment

principles of classification

what does lactose permease do

digests lactose by facilitating its transport across cell membranes.

what is happening when the modified bacteria and the isolated DNA are put together?

How can scientists determine that the bacteria successfully took up the DNA?

concern about genetic modification of bacteria?

increase in antibiotic resistance

DO NOT CREDIT immune

apoptosis

• enzymes break down cell cytoskeleton (it’s a protein)

• the cytoplasm becomes dense with tightly packed organelles

• the plasma membrane changes and small protrusions called blebs form

• chromatin condenses, nuclear envelope breaks down and DNA breaks into fragments.

what are homeobox genes

regulatory genes, 180 base pairs, code for homeodomain which is part of a protein and homeobox genes contain hox genes.

suckers

stems that grow from roots to plants

runners or stolen

stems that grow on the surface of the ground

rhizomes

stems that grow underground

where can cuttings be taken from?

• root cuttings

• scion cuttings

• leaf cuttings

embryo splitting

1. a zygote is created in IVF

2. zygote divides by mitosis to form a ball of cells

3. the cells are separated and allowed to continue dividing

4. each small mass of cells is placed into the uterus of a surrogate mother

(phenotype unknown until birth)

SCNT

1. an egg cell is obtained and its nucleus is removed (enucleation)

2. a normal body cell (somatic cell) from the adult is isolated and may have its nucleus removed

3. the complete adult somatic cell or its nucleus is fused with the empty egg cell by applying an electric shock

4. the shock triggers the egg cell to start developing

5. the cell undergoes mitosis to produce a small ball of cells

6. the young embryo is placed into the uterus of a surrogate mother.

(known phenotype, only way to clone an adult)