CSDS 101 Midterm

Why should IPA be studied?

there are variations in orthology, pronunciation in other languages, and transcription and analysis of client’s pronunciations. You will also know how a word is being pronounced even with writing systems like English

When do you use narrow transcription?

When diacritics are included and provided details are provided

When do you use broad transcription?

When there is a use of the primary IPA symbols and highlights the most salient features

When are virgules used?

In phonemic transcriptions that focuses on contrastive, theoretical productions

When are brackets used?

In phonetic transcriptions and allows for documentation of individual productions

Voice

whether the vocal folds vibrate when making a sound

Phonetics

the study of speech sounds

Phonemes

units of sound that carry meaning

Phones

any sound the vocal tract is capable of producing

Allophone

variations in production of individual phonemes

Phonology

a branch of linguistics involved with how phonemes are represented in the human brain

Morphology

the study of how units of language are put together to form words

Morphemes

units of language that carry meaning

Free morpheme

stands alone to designate meaning

Bound morpheme

 joined with free morphemes to carry meaning

Allomorph

variations of a morpheme

Articulators

anatomical structures above the level of the larynx used in speech production

Lungs

sponge-like tissue within a cavity formed by the ribcage

Larynx

structure located just above the trachea and extends to just below the root of the tongue

Adduction

vocal folds come to the midline

Abduction

vocal folds open

Glottis

 the space between the vocal folds

Pharynx

tubular, funnel-shaped structure located posterior to the root of the tongue and extending downward to the esophagus

velopharyngeal valve

muscular valve that separates the oral and nasal cavities

Epiglottal valve

protects your ability to breathe by protecting your larynx (voice box)

Palatal

comprises the roof of the mouth and serves to separate the nasal and oral cavities

Hard Palate

bony part of the mouth where tongue can touch

Soft Palate

soft part of mouth that tongue can touch

Alveolar Ridge

Ridged areas in the maxilla and mandible that contain the upper and lower teeth

PARR

Phonation, Articulation, Respiration, Resonation

Vowels

Produced with a relatively unobstructed vocal tract

Consonants

Produced with a degree of obstruction in the vocal tract

Place

where the phoneme is produced

Manner

how the breath stream is modified

Voicing

whether the vocal folds are abducted or adducted

Bilabial

phonemes produced with both lips (e.g., /p, b, m, w/)

Labiodental

phonemes produced by the lip and teeth (e.g., /f, v/)

Linguadental

phonemes produced as a result of contact between the tongue and upper and lower teeth (e.g., /ɵ, ð/)

Lingua-alveolar

phonemes produced when the tongue contacts the alveolar ridge

Lingua-palatal

phonemes produced when the tongue contacts the hard palate (e.g., /ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/)

Lingua-velar

phonemes produced when the back of the tongue contacts the velum (e.g., /k, g, ŋ/)

Glottal

phonemes produced when the vocal folds partially adduct, causing friction or turbulence (i.e., /h/)

Nasals

 phonemes produced by resonating the entire vocal tract, including the nasal cavity /n, m, ŋ/

Stop consonants

phonemes produced with a complete blockage of the airstream which is then reduced /p, b, t, d, k, g/

Fricatives

phonemes that are produced with partial blockage of the airstream, which results in friction /f, v, ɵ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h/

Affricates

production of these phonemes starts with a stop consonant that is released into a fricative /tʃ, dʒ/

Liquids

phonemes that are smoothly produced and can have vowel-like characteristics /l, ɹ/

Glides

 phonemes that also have vowel-like characteristics and are produced with initial narrowing of the vocal tract /w, j/

Tense

vowel production requires muscular tension at the root of the tongue

Lax

vowels that require less muscular tension at the root of the tongue

early 8

/m, b, j, n, w, d, p, h/

middle-8 consonants

/t, ŋ, k, ɡ, f, v, ʧ, ʤ/

late-8 consonants

/ʃ, θ, s, z, ð, l, ɹ, ʒ/

vertical dimension indicates

the distance of the tongue body from the roof of the mouth

the horizontal dimension indicates

the forward or backward displacement of the tongue body