Astronomy 90

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What is astronomy?

Astronomy is the study of objects and phenomena in space.

What are celestial bodies?

Celestial bodies are all objects we can observe in the night sky.

Most visible constellations are:

Most visible constellations are stars

Some stars are grouped as:

Some stars are grouped as patterns.

Constellations:

Groups of stars as seen from Earth that resemble a form

Asterisms:

Smaller patterns within constellation (Big Dipper)

Astronomers have created ____ to keep track of ____

Astronomers have created calendars to keep track of time, using celestial motion.

____ and ____ help us determine when the seasons change.

equinoxes and solstices help us determine when the seasons change.

____ in ____ allow us to communicate globally.

Satellites in orbit allow us to communicate globally.

____ allow us to track ____.

GPS satellites allow us to track position.

What calendar are we currently using?

We are currently using the Gregorian calendar put in place by Pope Gregory in 1582.

Solstices are:

Longest and shortest days of the year.

Equinoxes are:

When night and day are the same length

Both ____ and ____ are caused by the tilt of the earth

Both solstices and equinoxes are caused by the tilt of the earth.

Navi: ____ was used during the day and ____ during the night

Sun was used during the day and stars during the night

Polaris (____) was often used because it never ____

Polaris (north star) was often used because it never moves.

____ and ____ were tools that made this process a lot more exact.

Quadrants and sextants were tool that made this process a lot more exact.

Zenith: Point directly ____ the observer.

Point directly above the observer.

Altitude: Measured from the ____ up to the ____

Measured from the horizon up to the star.

Azimuth: Measured from ____ to the ____

Measured from north clockwise to the star.

Right Ascension and Declination: Like ____ and ____

Like longitude and latitude.

The Earth rotates once every __ _____.

The Earth rotates once every 24 hours.

The Earth orbits the sun once every __.

The Earth orbits the sun once every 365.25 days.

Orbit: ____

Path made by a celestial body through space.

Earth rotates ____ ____. The sun rises in the East and sets in the West.

Earth rotates counter-clockwise. The sun rises in the East and sets in the West.

The Earth has an ____ orbit around the sun.

The Earth has an elliptical orbit around the sun.

This means it gets ____ and ____ from the Sun depending on the time of the year.

This means it gets closer and further from the Sun depending on the time of the year.

Seasons are caused by the ____ __ ___ _____.

Seasons are caused by the tilt of the earth.

Sun rays become more or less focused based on ____ _____ ____.

Sun rays become more or less focused based on the Earth’s tilt.

Moonlight is really ____. sunlight

Moonlight is really reflected sunlight.

Moon Phases: Waxing

Getting bigger

Moon Phases: Waning

Getting smaller.

Moon Phases: Gibbous

More than half is light.

Moon Phases: Crescent

Less than half is light

Solar Eclipse:

When the moon completely blocks the sun

Lunar Eclipse:

When the moon passes through the shadow of the earth

____ ____ km from Earth, and we can’t live without it.

The Sun is 150 million km from Earth, and we can’t live without it.

The Sun is powered by ____ ____

The Sun is powered by Nuclear Fusion.

The Sun is made out of ____ ____ and ____ ____ heated to extreme temperatures to form plasma.

The Sun is made out of 75% hydrogen and 25% helium heated to extreme temperatures to form plasma.

Surface temperature of the Sun is about ____ ____ Celsius.

Surface temperature of the Sun is about 1.5 million degrees Celsius.

Sunspots are ____ on the Sun’s

Sunspots are cool regions on the Sun’s surface.

Sunspots appear as ____ and move as the sun ____.

Sunspots appear as groups and move as the sun rotates.

Sunspots are a result of the Sun’s ____ ____.

Result of the Sun’s magnetic field.

Solar Prominence: Large, low-energy curved streams of ____ ____

Large, low-energy curved streams of plasma (particles)

Solar Prominence: Shaped by the ____ of the sun.

Shaped by the magnetic field lines of the sun.

Solar Prominence: Can last for ____ weeks at a time.

Can last for several weeks at a time.

Solar Flares: High energy ____ from the sun.

High energy explosions from the sun.

Solar Flares: Blast ____ (____) into space.

Blast plasma (particles) into space.

Solar Flares: ____ are the most powerful.

Chrono mass ejections are the most powerful.

Solar Wind: Stream of ____ coming from the sun.

Stream of particles coming from the sun.

Solar Wind: Solar wind is the cause of the ____ ____

Solar wind is the cause of the aurora borealis.

Solar Wind: Can disrupt ____ on Earth.

Can disrupt electrical systems on Earth.

Solar Wind: May have been a factor in stripping ____ atmosphere

May have been a factor in stripping Mars’ atmosphere

Solar Wind: Earth’s ____ ____ is the key to our survival.

 Earth’s magnetic field is the key to our survival.

Solar System: Made up of ____ that are ____ to the sun.

Made up of celestial bodies that are gravitationally locked to the sun.

Solar System: By looking at our ____ ____, we can better understand what is going around distant stars.

By looking at our solar system, we can better understand what is going around distant stars.

Solar System: Our solar system is ____ light years from the galactic center.

Our solar system is 27,000 light years from the galactic center.

Solar System: Light year ____

Light year = how far light travels in a year (10 trillion km)

Solar System: We formed like most stars do, in a ____.

We formed like most stars do, in a Nebula.

Nebulas are large collections of ____ that form stars. “Stellar nurseries".”

Nebulas are large collections of dust that form stars. “Stellar nurseries".”

The ____ compact into a star, and the remains form planets.

The swirling gas and particles compact into a star, and the remains form planets.

What is a planet?

A planet is a round object that orbits a star, reflects but doesn’t produce light, and has cleared other debris from its orbit.

Goldilocks Zone:

Region around the sun where liquid water can exist.

Goldilocks Zone: Where there is ____, there is life.

Where there is water, there is life.

Goldilocks Zone: Zone is different for each ____.

Zone is different for each star.

Mercury:

• Barren, dusty planet with no real atmosphere

• No Meteor protection

Venus:

• Thick atmosphere made of CO2

• Result of a greenhouse runaway effect

• Hottest planet in the Solar system
  

Earth:

• Only known habitable planet

Mars:

• Red because of the amount of Iron Oxide in the soil

Jupiter: 

Largest planet in our solar system

Saturn:

• Distinctive rings and has 82 moons

• Moons: Kiviuq, Ijiraq, Paaliaq, Siarnaq, and Tarqeq are named from Inuit mythology

Uranus:

• Very large tilt and rolls on its side

• One day on Uranus is 42 years.

Neptune:

• Liquid surface of methane and ammonia

• Large storm area called the dark spot

Comet:

• Made of ice and orbit the sun

• When they get close to the sun, ice melts and creates large tails of water vapour

Asteroid

Metallic, rocky objects with no atmosphere.

Meteor:

• Small rocks that travel the solar system and usually burn up in Earth’s atmosphere

• Meteorite: A chunk of meteor found on Earth

A star’s temperature is directly linked to its ____

A star’s temperature is directly linked to its color.

Blue stats are more ____ than red, which means they’re also ____.

Blue stats are more luminous than red, which means they’re also hotter.

Galaxies are collections of hundreds of billions of ____, ____, and ____ held together by gravitational forces.

Galaxies are collections of hundreds of billions of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravitational forces.

Galaxies are clumped together in ____ throughout the Universe.

Galaxies are clumped together in clusters throughout the Universe.

The Milky Way is part of the local group, which is made up of ____ ____.

The Milky Way is part of the local group, which is made up of 3000 galaxies.

Spiral Galaxies are spiral-shaped ____ that radiate from the center.

Spiral Galaxies are spiral-shaped arms that radiate from the center.

Spiral galaxies ____ very fast.

Spiral galaxies spin very fast.

Spiral Galaxies: Barred spirals have a ____ in its center.

Barred spirals have a cylinder in its center.

Spiral Galaxies: The ____ ____ ____ is a barred spiral.

The milky way galaxy is a barred spiral.

Elliptical Galaxies: ____ shaped or long and ____.

Spherically shaped or long and cylindrical.

Elliptical Galaxies: Created when ____ ____ ____.

Created when spiral galaxies merge.

Elliptical Galaxies: ____ known galaxies.

Largest known galaxies.

Irregular Galaxies: Chaotic with no ____ ____.

Chaotic with no defined shape.

Irregular Galaxies: Caused by ____, ____, or ____.

Caused by galactic collisions, interactions with other galaxies, or internal activity.

Black Holes: Can happen when a ____ ____ ____.

Can happen when a massive star explodes.

Black Holes: ____ can’t escape from the center.

Light can’t escape from the center.

Black Holes: ____ around the center is matter being sucked into the hole.

Accretion around the center is matter being sucked into the hole.

Black Holes: There is a supermassive black hole at the ____ ____ ____ ____.

There is a supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy.

Quasars: Super massive ____ ____ a few million to billion times the mass of the sun

Super massive black holes a few million to billion times the mass of the sun

Quasars: Most intense ___ of energy in the galaxy.

Most intense source of energy in the galaxy.

Quasars: Oldest, most distant ____ ____ we can detect.

Oldest, most distant celestial bodies we can detect.

Dark Matter: One of the biggest ____ in Astronomy.

One of the biggest mysteries in Astronomy.