Chapters 4 & 5 - Visual Anatomy & physiology

BSC2085 - Chapter 4 & 5 review - Visual Anatomy & Physiology

What are the 4 basic types of tissue

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

what tissue type forms secretory glands, lines internal passageways/chambers, walls of organs

Epithelial

What tissue has a supportive role in general, fills internal spaces and stores energy. it’s made up of specialized cells and extracellular matrix

Connective

What tissue type is specialized to contract

Muscle

What tissue type is designed to send electrical impulses and carry information

Nervous

Receives information typically from other neurons

Dendrites

Conducts information in the form of electrical impulses to other cells

Axon

Information processing/control center with nucleus, nucleolus and mitochondrion

Cell body

Neuroglia

Maintain physical structure of nervous tissue, repair nervous tissue framework after injury, perform phagocytosis, provide nutrients to neurons, regulate the composition of the interstitial fluid surrounding neurons

Cells in epithelial tissue are held together by 

spot desmosomes

Cells in epithelial tissue are attached to the basal lamina by

hemidesmosomes

Tiny tunnels that connect cells and let them share molecules and signals

Gap Junctions  *cell to cell communication (heart muscle)

Endothelium

Simple squamous epithelial tissue lining blood vessels and heart

Mesothelium

Simple squamous epithelial tissue lining ventral body cavities

What is the function of simple squamous epithelial tissue found in the lungs?

Diffusion

What is the function of Simple squamous epithelial tissue found in the vessels

allows for permeability, filtration and absorption

What is the function of simple squamous epithelial tissue in the kidneys

absorption and secretion

Locations and functions of simple cuboidal epithelium

Sweat & lacrimal glands, kidney tubules, thyroid, bronchioles

absorption and secretion

Location and functions of simple columnar epithelium

GI tract, stomach, intestines

absorption and excretion

Location and functions of pseudostratified epithelium

Airways, nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi

absorption, protection, secretion

Locations and functions of stratified squamous epithelium

skin, esophagus, mouth, anus, vagina

protection from mechanical and chemical stress

Location and function of transitional epithelium

Urinary bladder

stretches and contracts

Columnar shaped cells have structures on top called

microvilli and cilia

Microvilli

increase surface area for absorption and secretion

Cilia

finger like projections that help move fluid across a cells surface

*respiratory tract

Glands can be classified as

Exocrine or Endocrine

Exocrine glands secrete:

into ducts that open to the exterior

Endocrine glands secrete

hormones into the blood

3 modes of secretion of Exocrine glands

Merocrine, Apocrine, Holocrine

Mode of secretion that is most common, involving sweat glands that secrete to the exterior of the body and the cells remain intact.

Merocrine

Mode of secretion involving mammary glands and cells lose part of their cytoplasm

Apocrine

Mode of secretion involving sebaceous glands and cells are lost - burst

Holocrine

The different types of connective tissue

Loose, dense, supportive, fluid

ECM consists of

ground substance and collagen protein fibers

Most common type of Loose Connective tissue that is highly vascularized and has collagen and elastic fibers

Areolar

Location and function of Adipose loose connective tissue

Deep in skin, sides, buttocks, breast, padding around eyes and kidneys

absorb shock, insulate, cushion, store energy

Location and function of reticular loose connective tissue

Liver, kidneys, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow

tough flexible network that provides support

The most abundant cells in loose and dense connective tissue

fibroblasts

What do adipocytes (ring cells) do

store fat, insulate, and protect

What tissue type make up tendons and ligaments

Dense regular Connective tissue

Attaches bone to bone

tendons

attaches bone to muscle

ligaments

What does dense irregular connective tissue do

covers visceral organs, superficial layer of bones and cartilage

Where is elastic dense connective tissue found

between vertebrae, walls of large blood vessels, ligament supporting transitional epithelia and erectile tissue of penis

Which dense connective tissue is interwoven fibers of meshwork

Irregular Dense Connective tissue

Which dense connective tissue has elastic fibers outnumbering collagen fibers

Elastic Dense connective tissue

3 types of cartilage

Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage

Where is hyaline cartilage found

between tips of ribs, bones of sternum, covering joints, supporting respiratory passageways, part of nasal septum

Where is Elastic Cartilage found

external ear, epiglottis, eustachian tube, part of larynx

where is Fibrocartilage found

knee joint, between pubic bones of pelvis, intervertebral discs

Cartilage growth in length as a result of division of chondrocytes

Interstitial growth

Cartilage growth in diameter as layers are added by chondrocytes

Appositional growth

4 types of membranes

Mucous, Cutaneous, Synovial, Serous

Mucous Membrane

lines passageways and chambers that communicate with the exterior - located in the digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urinary tracts - moist to reduce friction - facilitates absorption and secretion

Cutaneous Membrane

covers surface of the body. Thick and relatively waterproof and usually dry - epidermis & dermis - Stratified squamous/areolar tissue reinforced by underlying dense irregular CT

Synovial Membranes

lines freely moveable joint cavities but not opposing joint surfaces. No basement membrane. Fluid of same name continuous exchange of fluid and solutes

Serous Membranes

consist of mesothelium supported by alveolar tissue. Extremely delicate - never connect to the exterior. Lines pleura cavity, pericardium, peritoneal cavity - covers heart.  

Functions of the Integumentary system

§  Protect underlying tissue & organs from impact, abrasion, fluid loss, chemical attack.

§  Excrete salts, water, organic waste by integumentary glands

§  Maintain body temperature – insulation & evaporative cooling

§  Produce melanin – protects underlying tissue and UV radiation

§  Produce keratin – protects against abrasion & serves as water repellant

§  Synthesize D3 – important for normal calcium metabolism

§  Store lipids in adipocytes in dermis & adipose tissue in subcutaneous layer

§  Detect touch, pressure, pain, and temp stimuli – relay info to the nervous system

Strata of the epidermis

Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Basale

Which layer of strata is the exposed surface consisting of 15-30 layers of keratinized cells (7-10 days to reach this layer from Basal - 2 weeks before shed)

Stratum Corneum

Which layer of strata is only present in thick skin - dense, flat cells, no organelles

Stratum Lucidum

Which layer of strata is the grainy layer where cells stop dividing- cells thin out - membranes are less permeable

Stratum Granulosum

What layer of  strata is the spiny layer banded together by desmosomes - contain dendric (Langerhan cells)

Stratum Spinosum

Which layer of strata has hemidesmosomes that attach the cells to the layer to the basement membrane

Stratum Basale

Sensible perspiration

you can see and feel the activated sweat glands

Insensible perspiration

You do not see or feel the water loss - water from interstitial fluid slowly diffuses to the surface and evaporates into surrounding air

What contributes to creating finger prints

epidermal ridges

Melanocytes

Manufacture melanin from tyrosine - (synthesize melanin)

Langerhans Cells (dendric cells)

participate in immune response by stimulating a defense against microorganisms that manage to penetrate the superficial layers of the epidermis and superficial skin cancers

Keratinocytes

most abundant cells - produce keratin - originate in basal layer. Secrete signaling molecules that help immune response and wound healing. Skin builders

Histiocytes

immune cell in connective tissue - engulf and digest debris & dead cells. Present antigens to lymphocytes. Role in inflammation and tissue repair

Osteocytes

Bone cells. Organized around blood vessels that branch through the boney matrix. Most abundant in bone.

Chondrocytes

Cartilage cells- occupy small chambers known as lacunae

Merkel Cells

Involved in touch sensation - tactile disc. (allow you to read braille) located in Stratum Basale

Apidpocytes

for padding, protection, store energy

What is cyanoisis

severe reduction in blood flow where there is a lack of oxygen that turns the skin bluish

What causes skin to yellow (jaundice)

bilirubin

Albinism

absence of melanin production - cells lack the enzyme needed to produce melanin

Erythema

Skin turning red - increased blood flow to the skin - heat

Calcitriol

acts in the kidneys and small intestine for calcium retention and absorption respectively

Tension Lines (Lines of cleavage or Langer’s lines)

the pattern of skin growth - parallel to the direction of collagen fibers.

What happens when you cut in the same direction as Langer Lines?

faster healing, less scarring.

What happens when you cut against the Langer Lines?

Severed elastic fibers recoil resulting in greater scarring and longer healing time.

Skin Turgor

the ability of the skin to return to normal after being pinched.

Tactile Discs

detect sensations of texture and steady pressure - deepest layer of the epidermis

Meissner’s Corpuscles

Touch - detect sensations of delicate touch, pressure & vibration. Found in papillary layer of dermis

Pacinian Corpuscles

Pressure - sensitive to deep touch and vibration.  Found in both dermal layers and subcutaneous layer

Bulbous Corpuscles

sensitive to pressure and stretching of the skin. Found in reticular layer of dermis.  detect warm temperatures

Krauses’ end Blubs

detect a variety of sensations, vibrations and cold temperature

What is the function of the Arrector Pili Muscle

causes hair to stand erect producing “goose bumps”. Involuntary

Sebaceous Glands

discharge oily lipid secretions into hair follicles by holocrine secretion

Apocrine sweat glands

secrete sticky, cloudy, odorous secretion - armpits, around nipples

Eccrine sweat glands

(merocrine) all over body - secrete directly on surface of skin. Palms and Soles have the most. Watery sweat. Thermoregulation

Modified apocrine

ceruminous - ear canal, produce ear wax.  Mammary glands - produce milk

Club hair

normal, fully formed strand that has stopped growing. appear in catagen phase of hair growth cycle

Lanugo hairs

very fine hairs present on the body of fetuses and newborns

1st degree burn

involves the epidermis and is characterized by redness and pain (sunburn)

2nd degree burn

involves the epidermis and dermis - blistering, pain and swelling

3rd degree burn

full thickness - extends to the hypodermis.  Painless and require skin grafting.  Can not repair itself

Emergency treatment for burns

replace lost fluids and electrolytes

provide sufficient nutrients to meet increased metabolic need for thermoregulation and healing

prevent infection by cleaning

cover and administer antibiotics

skin grafts