Eukaryotic Cell Structures and Reproduction: Mitosis, Meiosis, and Protists

What is a eukaryote?

A cell/organism with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

What does mitosis produce?

2 diploid cells.

What does meiosis produce?

4 haploid cells.

What are gametes?

Haploid reproductive/sex cells.

What does diploid mean?

Having two sets of chromosomes (2n).

What does haploid mean?

Having one set of chromosomes (n).

What is bulk transport?

Movement of substances in bulk using the cell membrane and vesicles.

What is endocytosis?

Importing substances or liquid into the cell in bulk.

What is exocytosis?

Exporting substances or liquid out of the cell in bulk.

What does ENDO help you remember?

Endo = into the cell.

What does EXO help you remember?

Exo = exit/out of the cell.

What is phagocytosis?

A type of endocytosis involving large undissolved substances.

What can phagocytosis take into the cell?

Large substances such as entire viruses or cells.

What does phago mean?

Eat.

What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Endocytosis using specific membrane proteins that recognize specific substances.

What do receptors do in receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Recognize specific substances.

What are the major groups of eukaryotes in this chapter?

Animals, plants, fungi, and protists.

What are animals?

Multicellular heterotrophic organisms.

What does multicellular mean?

Made of many cells.

What does heterotrophic mean?

Obtaining nutrients from other sources rather than making them yourself.

What are helminths?

Parasitic roundworms and flatworms.

What are plants?

Multicellular autotrophic organisms.

What does autotrophic mean?

Able to make their own food.

Do plants cause infectious disease according to the chapter?

No, although some can be toxic and can act as vectors for disease.

What are fungi?

Multicellular heterotrophic organisms that do not ingest nutrients.

What are major fungal structures listed in the chapter?

Branching hyphae, fruiting bodies, and spores.

What are hyphae?

Branching structures that make up fungal structures.

What is a mycosis?

A fungal disease.

What is an example of a mycosis?

Histoplasmosis.

What are dermatophytes?

Fungal pathogens that infect skin, hair, and nails.

What do dermatophytes infect?

Skin, hair, and nails.

What are protists?

A diverse group that includes organisms that can be unicellular/multicellular and heterotrophic/autotrophic.

What are protozoans?

Unicellular animal-like protists that commonly cause disease.

What are the four protozoan types in this chapter?

Amoeboid, flagellated, ciliated, and spore-forming.

How do amoeboid protozoans move?

Using pseudopods.

What are pseudopods?

"False feet" used for movement.

What is an example of an amoeboid protozoan?

Entamoeba histolytica.

How do flagellated protozoans move?

Using flagella.

What is an example of a flagellated protozoan?

Trypanosoma spp.

How do ciliated protozoans move?

Using cilia.

What is an example of a ciliated protozoan?

Balantidium coli.

What are spore-forming protozoans characterized by?

Complex life cycles and intracellular parasitism.

What is an example of a spore-forming protozoan?

Plasmodium falciparum.

What is the phospholipid bilayer?

The main membrane structure surrounding cells.

How is the eukaryotic phospholipid bilayer related to the prokaryotic one?

It is very similar.

What are sterols?

Steroid alcohols that help maintain membrane fluidity.

What is the function of sterols?

They help maintain membrane fluidity.

What is the glycocalyx?

A sugary outer layer that helps protect the cell.

What does glyco help you remember?

Sugar.

What are flagella?

Structures involved in movement.

What are cilia?

Structures involved in movement.

Which produces 2 diploid cells: mitosis or meiosis?

Mitosis.

Which produces 4 haploid cells: mitosis or meiosis?

Meiosis.

Which type of transport moves material into the cell?

Endocytosis.

Which type of transport moves material out of the cell?

Exocytosis.

Which type of endocytosis takes in large particles?

Phagocytosis.

Which type of endocytosis uses specific receptors?

Receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Which eukaryotes are multicellular and autotrophic?

Plants.

Which eukaryotes are multicellular and heterotrophic?

Animals and fungi.

Which eukaryotic group is described as "everything else"?

Protists.

What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?

Endocytosis brings material into the cell; exocytosis moves material out.

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Mitosis produces 2 diploid cells; meiosis produces 4 haploid cells/gametes.

What is the difference between sterols and glycocalyx?

Sterols help maintain membrane fluidity; the glycocalyx is a sugary protective outer layer.

What is the difference between flagella and cilia in this chapter?

Both are structures used for movement; protozoans may use either for movement.