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3 havo
to inherit
to receive a genetic characteristic transmitted by a parent
genotype
the complete set of your inherited characteristics
phenotype
the set of your inherited characteristics that are actually expressed
chromosome
structures inside the nucleus that contain your inherited characteristics
karyotype
a photo of all the chromosomes in one cell, grouped together in homologous pairs and arranged in order of decreasing size
homologous pair
two chromosomes that match each other in length and the genes they contain
ancestry
the country or region where your immediate ancestors come from
sex chromosome
one of two special chromosomes, X and Y, whose combination determines gender
autosome
one of 44 regular (non-sex) chromosomes in a human
DNA
the hereditary material in organisms
nucleotide
one of the 4 different building blocks of
DNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate and a base
sugar and phosphate
the two parts of a nucleotide that form the DNA backbone together with other nucleotides
base
the third part of a nucleotide; there are 4 types: Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C)
A
Adenine
G
Guanine
T
Thymine
C
Cytosine
base-pairing
the organisation of bases in opposite strands of DNA: A - T and G - C
A -
- T
G -
- T
gene
a section of DNA that has the complete code for a single protein
alleles
different forms of the same gene
dominant
the allele that is expressed
recessive
the allele that is not expressed (or masked by the dominant allele)
carrier
having a dominant, expressed, allele and a recessive, masked, allele
homozygous
having the same allele on both of a pair of homologous chromosomes
heterozygous
having two different alleles on both of a pair of homologous chromosomes
F1
the first generation of offspring; children
F2
the second generation of offspring; grandchildren
Punnet square
an organisational table for determining genetic offspring
probability
the chance that something will happen
incomplete dominance
when a heterozygous genotype results in an intermediate phenotype instead of the dominant phenotype
mutation
a change in a chromosome or gene
sex-linked gene
a gene that is carried by the X chromosome
pedigree
a visual tool for following an inherited characteristic through generations of a family
