Physics 1 Honors Semester Study Guide with Images

A toy robot runs on batteries and is operated by a remote control. The robot is made to walk in a circle and then talk. What type of energy transformations occur during this process?

Chemical potential energy to kinetic energy to sound energy

The diagram below illustrates a ball rolling down a hill at four different points. The ball at point A has 100 Joules of potential energy. As the ball rolls down the hill. What is the first illustrated point at which the kinetic energy would be greater than the potential energy?

C

A child pulls a toy car along a smooth, frictionless concrete floor. The forces in newtons (N) and distances in meters (m) are shown in the graph below. Based on the information in the graph, which of the following represents the correct amount of work in joules (J) to pull the car 8m?

192 J

Emilia walks out of her classroom into the bright sunshine. She glances at the hot sun as she touches the cement wall of her classroom. The cement wall feels very warm when she touches it. Which of the following sequences correctly describes the transfer of the sun's energy to Emilia's finger?

Nuclear energy to electromagnetic energy to kinetic energy to thermal energy

"The amount of chemical energy in a flashlight's battery is equal to the radiant energy transferred to the environment." Is this statement correct?

Nuclear energy to electromagnetic energy to kinetic energy to thermal energy

A group of four students are researching a question about the transformation of energy that occurs when a tennis ball is dropped from a height of 1.5 m. They observe and measure the first rebound height, then let the ball continue to fall and again observe and measure the second rebound height before catching the ball. Their measurements show the tennis ball's rebound height decreasing each time the ball bounces. As they analyze their results, they discuss the changes in energy. Which one of the following students has the correct statement about the energy transformations?

Dawn said, "The maximum gravitational potential energy changed into the maximum kinetic energy during the first drop of the ball. The energy then changed into heat and sound before it rebounded and bounced back up. That is why the ball doesn't bounce up the same height."

Two elevators in a hotel are being used to transport guests. Elevator A is moving a force of 3000 N a distance of 10 meters in 10 seconds. Elevator B is moving a force of 6000 N a distance of 10 meters in 20 seconds. Which of the following statements correctly compares the work and power of the elevators?

Elevator B does more work than Elevator A.

Jamie is loading four family suitcases into a car's trunk. The height from the ground to the trunk of the car is 0.70 m. Consider the amount of power needed to lift the following four suitcases. How would you rank the suitcases from the greatest amount of power to the least amount of power needed to lift each suitcase into the car's trunk?

First- 150 N was lifted in 1.5 seconds

Second- 200 N was lifted in 1.8 seconds

Third- 210 N was lifted in 2.0 seconds

Fourth- 220 N was lifted in 2.3 seconds

second, third, first, and fourth

A drama teacher purchases a motor that can lift an 1800-Newton curtain a distance of 10 meters in exactly 5 seconds. Which of the motors described below did the drama teacher buy, and how much work will the motor do as it lifts the curtain?

motor D, which has a power rating of 3.6kW and does 18kJ of work

The graph below shows work done versus time for a robotic arm performing a three-second task in an assembly line. At what time is the robotic arm using the most power?

just before 1 s

Which of the following statements is true about an open system and a closed system in the Law of Conservation of Energy?

An open system exchanges matter and energy and a closed system exchanges energy.

Which of the following is an advantage for an open system?

An open system has a virtually unlimited supply of energy.

Jeremiah is cooking rice on the stove in a pot that has a lid on it. Which of the following statements best describes the rice and pot?

It is a closed system because energy can be transferred, but matter cannot be transferred.

A skateboarder starts at the top of a long, steep incline. As he skates down the incline, he frequently angles the wheels to decelerate. Which option best describes the energy of the system consisting of the skateboarder, his skateboard, and the incline?

Mechanical energy is not conserved; potential energy is transformed into thermal energy.

Paola was going on a picnic and decided she wanted to bring a cold beverage with her. She poured ice-cold lemonade into a thermos and placed the lid tightly on the thermos. When she was ready to drink her lemonade an hour later, the lemonade was still cold. Which of the following statements best describes why the lemonade remained cold?

The thermos is an isolated system in which neither matter nor energy were able to escape.

Sonya carefully heats a sample of methanol at a constant rate and measures its temperature until it begins to boil at 65 degrees C. Which graph shows the results of her investigation?

A

To raise the temperature of a substance by a specific amount, the energy needed can be calculated with the equation shown.

q= mC ΔT

The specific heat capacity of aluminum is c(al)= 0.9J/g °C

Approximately how much heat energy, in joules (J), is needed to raise the temperature of 9.0 grams (g) of aluminum from 14°C to 17°C?

24J

Hot materials rise inside Earth's mantle by the process of convection. Which statement gives the reason for this action?

They expand and their density decreases.

When heat is transferred through conduction, thermal energy is transferred between two objects. The warmer object transfers thermal energy to the cooler object. Which statement describes what is happening to the energy of molecules in the objects during conduction?

When two objects are in contact, the fast-moving molecules from the warmer object collide with the slower molecules in the cooler object. Thermal energy is transferred when the molecules collide.

Temperatures of objects have a direct correlation to the motion of their particles. How fast and/or how far apart these particles are will determine the temperature of that particular substance. With this in mind, Mr. Bonner's class participated in a science experiment where they placed three substances outside in the sunlight to determine which substance would increase in temperature more quickly. How would the motion of the particles of each substance be described if they are allowed to sit in sun for a duration of 10 minutes.

The particles of each substance begin to speed up and move farther apart as the temperature increases.

The diagram below shows the electromagnetic spectrum.

How do the frequency and energy of electromagnetic waves change as the wavelength of the electromagnetic waves decreases?

As the wavelength decreases, both the frequency and the energy of the waves increase.

As the energy of an electromagnetic wave increases, what other attribute of the electromagnetic wave always increases?

Frequency

Which list of components of the electromagnetic spectrum is ordered from highest to lowest energy.

x-rays, ultraviolet, infrared

Colin and Leslie use a wave generator to analyze waves in a water tank. Which of the following statements correctly describes what they notice when they increase the wave's wavelength?

The waves' frequency decreases

Which of the intervals represents one full wavelength on the diagram shown below?

C to G

A wave has a wavelength of 2 meters (m) and a frequency of 200 Hertz (Hz). How is the wave velocity affected by this wavelength and frequency?

The wave velocity is 400 m/s

Jamal studies a photograph of a body of water. The photograph includes a scale and Jamal counts three waves crests for each 10-m length of water. He also estimates that each wave is about 0.2 m high. From this information, what can Jamal calculate about the waves?

Wavelength only

The drawing below shows various applications of electromagnetic energy.

The types of energy are on the left, the applications are in the middle, and the relative wavelengths are indicated on the right. Based on the drawing, which of these applications uses electromagnetic waves of the highest energy?

PET scan

A truck is traveling at a fast speed along a road. Its horn is blaring at a frequency of 260 hertz, Hz. A boy is standing on the sidewalk beside the road, and he listens to the horn as the truck approaches and passes him. Which of these best describes the frequency of the sound the boy hears.

Greater than 260 Hz as the truck approaches, then less than 260 Hz after the truck passes

When a Doppler blue shift is taking place, which of the following statements best describes what is happening?

The light source is approaching the observer.

Lynn constructs a ray diagram to show the path of light as it strikes a concave mirror. Some of the light travels parallel to the principal and bounces back at a different angle. Some of the light travels along a different path and bounces back parallel to the principal axis. Which statement describes where the focal point is found in a ray diagram of a concave mirror.

The focal point is where all rays converge as they move away from the mirror after being reflected.

In which of these optical scenarios will the ray diagram depict a non-inverted virtual image larger than the object?

A concave mirror with the object inside the focal length

What are the characteristics of an image formed by a concave mirror when the object is located between the center of curvature and focal point of the mirror?

The image is inverted and real

In the ray diagram, the image formed is real and inverted.

Which numbered location indicates the focal point of the lens?

Location 3

Most comic book super hero characters bend, if not break the laws of science as they fight crime. Which of the following is a law in science that a superhero comic book character is guilty of breaking?

flying faster than the speed of light to time travel backwards

Light travels faster through which of the following?

Space

Which statement best describes inertial frames of reference?

Inertial frames of reference include objects at rest and objects moving at a constant speed.

Which factor can affect the speed at which light travels?

The medium it travels through

According to Einstein's special theory of relativity, objects may accelerate to speeds that approach the speed of light, but may not travel at this speed or exceed it. This limitation is imposed by the impossibility of an object fulfilling certain physical requirements in order to travel at the speed of light. Which properties would an object traveling at the speed of light have to fulfill?

Zero length and infinite kinetic energy

A tennis ball is thrown at an angle of 45 degrees to the horizontal. Which of the following correctly describes what happens to the magnitude of the ball's vertical acceleration during the total time that the ball is in the air?

The magnitude remains the same throughout the flight.

The diagram below shows J.J. Thomson's early model of the atom.

This model was later revised to include an important experimental observation. Which observation led to the revision of Thomson's model?

Electrons are only observed at certain distances from the nucleus

The diagram below represents one of the hallmark experiments on the development of the atomic theory.

Which particle in an atom did this experiment help discover?

Electron

The modern atomic theory is called the cloud model. What does the cloud consist of?

Electrons moving in random directions in an energy level

The diagram below represents Ernest Rutherfold's gold foil experiment setup.

Rutherford directed a stream of positively charged alpha particles toward a thin piece of gold foil. He observed that although most of the alpha particles went through the foil, some of the particles deflected backwards. Which of the following was one characteristic of the atoms in the gold foil that this experiment demonstrated?

The existence of a small positively charged nucleus

Which of the following best describes why the atomic model has changed repeatedly over the past 200 years?

The results of further experimentation helped to revise and improve the model.

One of the four fundamental forces is responsible for the contraction of gases into new stars and solar systems. The force has an effect on the geometry of space-time, and its range is infinite. Which fundamental force is this?

Gravitation

Which of the following correctly illustrates the fundamental forces from weakest to strongest

Gravitational, weak nuclear, electromagnetic, strong nuclear.

In a light bulb, interactions between particles cause light to be emitted from the bulb. Which of the four fundamental forces is greatest between the particles in the bulb that cause it to light?

Electromagnetic force

The nucleus of an atom is composed of positively charge protons and neutrally charged neutrons. Even though like charges repel, the nucleus remains densely packed. Which statement below best explains this phenomenon?

The strong nuclear force is greater in magnitude than the repulsive force between the charges

Which of the following four fundamental forces of nature affects the motion of the planets as they move around the Sun?

Gravitational force