AP Pscyh: Unit 0 Vocab and etc

Psychodyanamic Perspective

It is the hidden part of our minds. How our unconcious thoughts or feelings influence our decisions and personality. Built from experiences (child hood experiences)

-created by Sigmund Freud

Behavioral Perspective

Focuses on observable behaviors wihtout refrencing our mental proceses

role of enviroment in our behaviors (reinforcment or punishment), or how we observe other indivifuals and copy them

Sociocultural perspective

Focuses on a persons experiences and influences in thie rlife to understand how culture shapes an individual

• how mores, culture, expectations influence them and their decision

Humanistic Perspective

emphasizez our potential as humans to grow as an individual and free will

-motivation to grow

Cognitive Perspective

Focuses on how we as individuals interpret, process, and remember information and how it influences people behavior

Biological Perspective

seeks to link our biological, physiological, and psychological processes

-how different brain chemicals like hormones, neurotransmitters etc and genes

-allows us to understand medications and differnt illnesses

Biosychosocial Persopective

Focuses on interconncetedness of biological, phycological, and social factors in our behavior and mental processes

-”the whole picture”

Evolutionary Perspective

how natural selection and adpatation influence behavior

-our behaviors are to survive

-ex: fear of certain things

What are the different perspectives of psychology

Psychodynamic, Socialcultural, Biological, Evolutionary, Behavioral, Cognitive, Biopsychosocial, humanistic

Psychology

the scientific study of the

mental processes - thinking parts

behavior - what we do and how we act

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to look for information that confirms existing beliefs or our point of view and dismiss what is against our perspective

Hindsight Bias

Tendency to think that one could have anticipated the outcome of the event or experiment after it has already occurred

“I knew it”

Overconfidence Bias

when people think they more than they actually do

overestimating the accuracy of ones beliefs

Emperical evidence

information aquired by observation or experimentation

Scientific Method

a systematic approach to research where a problem is idntified, relevant data is fathered, a hypothesis is formed, and it is tested

Hypothesis

a testable prediction

Falsifiable

A hypothesis must be worded so it can be wrong or right

Why is it important to consider cogntivie biases

• in some situations when the biases were present, information was missapplied to differnt groups

• ex: using it for racism

What is a falsifiable hypothesis and why is it nessecary?

it means that it can be tested and potentially be proven false and not just and only right

this make sures that results are true

Peer Review

a process in which research articles and studies are evaluated by other experts before being published

Replication

the action of repeating a study, using the same methods to see of the original results can be consistlety reproducued

Reliability

the consistiency of the research study or a measuring test

Validity

the extnt or how good the test measures or predicts what its supposed to

accurately measures what it intends to measure

ex: a valid driving test should include a practical driving component and not just a theoretical test of the rules of driving

American Psychological Association (APA)

a professional organiziation representing the pscyhologist in the United States.

Research Design

the overall plan that outlines how the research study will be conducted and will adresss the research question

ex: experimental, corrolational, descriptive

Methodology

specific techniques, systematic procdeures and techniques to conduct research

ex: Methodology includes decisions about sampling procedures, data collection methods (e.g., surveys, interviews, observations), data analysis techniques (e.g., statistical tests, qualitative coding), and quality assurance measures.

Quantitative Data

information about quantities that can be measured and written down with numbers and looks for percise relationship and predictions

Qualititative Data

descriptive information which comes from interviews, focus groups, photographs and other artistic depictions, and observations of behavior

Likert Scales

a way to get quantitative data

a psychometric scale used in questionares and surverys

ex: Strongly agree, agree ….

Structured Interviews

-research method in which predtermined questions asked in the same order

-this allows for consistient data collection and compares partcipants

-relaible results

Qualitative data

Survey Technique

a research technique that involves the collection of information from a sample of indivudials thruogh their responses to questions

-tields both qualitiative and quantitative data

Wording effect

the effect that question phrasing and order have on survery data

on how people respond - can lead to biased responses if worded wrong

Social desirability bias

a tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself

influenced by social norms rather than putting the right answers

Naturalistic Observation

observing subject in their natural enciroment without manipulation or control by the researcher

Not the best because it’s only for a small time not prolonged

Not cause effect

Case Study

in depth study of a single person, group, event, community, or phenomenon

cannot be generalized

Not cause and effect

Correlational Research

a non experimental resaerch method,

studies the relationship between 2 variables with the help of statistical analysis

“correlelation is not causation”

Third Variable Problem

A form of confounding variable that leads to a mistaken relationship between 2 variables

Usually in correlational studies

ex: more sports → worse academic scores -wrong bc its probably because of less study time

Scatterplot

a graphical representation of the values for a set of data

Coerrelation Coefficient

ranges [-1,1'], and represented by “r”

the closer it is to -1 or 1, the stronger it is

(-) means negative correlation while (+) means positive correlation

the stronger it is, the better it can be used to predict certain things

Positive correlation

a relationship in which both variables move in the same direction

up and up

down and down

Negative Correlation

a relationship between 2 variables that move the opposiute directions

one goes up another goes down

Experimental Method

a method of research where the researcher controls the settings and manipulates the indpendent variables and studie show the dependent variable is affected

“cause and effect:

Independent Variable

the variable that is being changed or manipulated by the researcher

the factor that might or might not cause change to the other variable

The cause

Dependent Variable

the variable being measures or observed in an experiment

influenced or not influenced by the. independent variable

The effect

Confounding variables

a variable that influences both the dependent and indepdnet bariable causing a spruious association - affects the results and is not accounted for

Operational Defininitions

specifies how a researcher will manipulate (indpendent variable) or measure the dependent variable

Allows others to replicate the study to test the reliability of the results

ex: regular exercise is defined as 150 min per week

or happiness Is measured with this test

Experimental group

the group that is exposed to the indepdent variable and are testedc

Control Group

is the group that is not exposed to the indepdnet variable

used as a baseline

Random Assignment

assignining participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differnces between those assigned to the differnt groups

Experimenter Bias

the researchers influence results to potray a certain outcome or how results are conducted

-way to reduce this is with double blind studies so the researcher doesnt know what group is experimental or control and will intrerpet resutls authentically

Placebo Effect

phenomoneon where individuals experience change in condition beacuse of thier beleifs rather than physiological mechanisms

Placebo Conditions

aa condition in which treatment is not administered by the subject beleives that it was

-intended to test if a medicine is truly wokring or if its just the beleif

-the participants think they got it

-usually given to the control group

Single Blind Study

a resaerch design where participants are unaware of wether they belong to the experimental or the control group but the reserchers do know

to reduce the placebo effect

-participants don’t know what they got

Double Blind Study

both the participants the researchers conducting the study are unaware who belongs in the experimental or control group

Sample

a subset of indiviuduals from a larger population(group studied), used to conduct research

Represenative Sample

a sample that acfuractly reflects the characteristics of a population as a whole

-includes many races, ages, gender, backgrounds etc

• a good representative sample study can be generalized

Random Sample

everyone from a population has an equal chance of getting into the study

minimizes the researcher bias

increases generalizibility

Sample bias

a bias that occurs when some people are more likley to be in the study compared to another group

may not be repredentative

Generalizability

the extent to which the study’s results can be applied to a larger population

this depdents on how good the representation of the sample is

Statistics

a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of masses of numerical data

Descriptive Statistics

refer to numerical measures used to sumarize and describe the characteristics of a data set

central tendency: mean meadian mode

Inferential Statistics

involes using data from a sample to make inferences or predictions about a larger population - generalization

Test if data is significantly significant

Measures of central tendency

tools used to describe the central or average value of a set of data.

a single value that is represneative of an entire distrubition

provide single value that represents the center or typical value of a distrobultion

Mean

the average of a set of numerical values

Median

the middle value of the data set

arange the numbers in order and find the middle

Mode

the value that appears the most in a data set

Range

represents the difference between the highest and lowest values in a data set

subtract the smallest from the largest number in the data set

Outliers

numbers that are far off in the data set and may skew our mean which is why we might want to use the median more sometimes

Normal Curve or Bell curve

the majority of data follows this bell curve

the majority of the data are concentrated in the middle

fewer values are on the side

Regression to the mean

the phenomenon that if there is an extrreme value tend to get closer to the average when measures agian

-extreme scores may be from temporary factors

Positive Skew

the majority of data is on the left side but there are some extremly high values, causing the mean to go towards the right, but the mode is on the left

sugest outliers or unusually high values

negative skew

this is when the majority of data falls onto the higher values or on the right

but there are some extreme low values outliers, making the mean lower

the mode is on the right

Standard Deviation

a measure od that amount of data variation or dispersion in a set of values in relation to the mean,

usually a bell curve 64 percent are middle …

symbolised by the sigma symbol

if the deviation is small, then most scores are close to the average

but when the deviation is large, then it means that the scores are more spread out

standard decision is usually 68% for normal distribution

Percentile Rank

percentange of people lower or the same than the given score

50th percentile: 50 are taller,50 is shorter

Bimodal Distribution

A distribition that shows 2 differnt peaks or modes

Statistical Signifiance

the likleyhood that observed results in a resarch study are not due to chance for interdental statistics

P value,

if it is greater than 5 perent, then occurred by chance

if less than 5 percent, then it didn’t occur by chance - rejects the null hypothesis- accepts the alternate hypothesis

If it was 90 percent- data is probably by chance and accept null hypothesis

Effect Sizes

Inferential statistic method

a large effect size indicates that the indepdnet vartiable has a big impact on the dependent variable

If there is a small effect size then the independent variable has a little impact on the dependent variable

Meta Analysis

A statistican analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies and make a conclusion

Insitutional Review Boards (IRB)

are commitiees responsible for reviewing and apporving resaerhc proposals to ensure that they meet ethical standards and protect the rights and welfare of resaerch participants

Informed Consent

permission granted with the knowledge of potential consequences given from the patient. Agreement to participiate in the research stidy

Informed Assent

the parents or a guardian will give legal consent to a child or someone who cant decide by themselves

Confidentiality

the requirement of the researcher to handle sensitive data and information obtained during the study and keep it with discretion

Deception

the researchers may not mislead the participants of the true purpore or nature of the study, procedures or expected outcomes

unless its absoltuley and ethically nessecary for the study

Confederates

individuals who are part of the resaerch study but are collaborating with the researchers and know about the study

debreifing

this is required to do by the researcher and tell the participants the true nature of the study, the data, purpose, and deceptions used

Descriptive method

describe behaviors

Methodology includes case studies, surveys, observations

Theory

Supported by data from completed research and explains a question though or phenomenon

Quasi experiment

Does not include random assignment

Not for cause and effect

x score

Negative is below mean

Positive is grater than mean

Defensive claim

Claim is specific and takes a stance, statement presented as truth

Must have emperical evidence to support it that is reliable