Unit 4 HBS Study guide

Kidneys

Organs that filter blood to remove waste and excess substances, producing urine.

Nephron

The functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood and forming urine.

Glomerulus

A network of capillaries within the nephron where blood filtration begins.

Bowman's Capsule

A cup-like structure that encases the glomerulus and collects the filtrate.

Tubules (Proximal, Loop of Henle, Distal)

Structures that reabsorb water and nutrients and secrete waste into the forming urine.

Collecting Duct

Channels that collect urine from multiple nephrons and transport it to the renal pelvis.

Ureters

Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Bladder

A muscular sac that stores urine until excretion.

Urethra

The duct through which urine is discharged from the bladder to the outside of the body.

Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)

A genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous cysts in the kidneys, leading to impaired function.

Gel Electrophoresis

A laboratory method used to separate DNA fragments by size, often used to detect genetic mutations associated with diseases like PKD.

Urinalysis

A diagnostic test that examines the content of urine to detect abnormalities such as proteins, glucose, ketones, and blood.

Homeostasis

The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment, including fluid and electrolyte balance.

Digestive System

A system of organs responsible for breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste.

Gut Microbiome

The community of microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract, playing a crucial role in digestion and overall health.

Enzymes

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions, including the breakdown of food molecules during digestion.

Amylase

An enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars.

Protease

An enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids.

Lipase

An enzyme that breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

Peristalsis

Involuntary muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

Villi

Small finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for nutrient absorption.

Malabsorption

A condition where the small intestine cannot absorb nutrients effectively, leading to deficiencies.