History Year 11 Revision

Hippocrates

450-340 bce, Hippocratic Corpus (most notably The Oath of Hippocrates), one of the most important medical people from ancient (along with Galen), Theory of Four Humours

Galen

165-175, Galenic Corpus which detailed many things (hygiene, anatomy, etc.) one of the most influential people in medicine, his work was widely used until Vesalius and Harvey disprove a lot of his work, Theory of Opposites

Thomas Sydenham

1676, Observationes Medicae, refused to use old medical books, preferred observation. Believed different symptoms were not separate, but could all link to one specific disease. Disease wasn't unique to one patient.

Andreas Vesalius

Fabric of the Human Body 1543, disproved over 300 things that Galen said about anatomy, dissected humans (even though it was considered religiously wrong), published findings to the press which spread this idea very far, not to do with disease but it helped people understand the body and helped in the future for things like surgery also directly helped William Harvey

William Harvey

Account of the Motion of the Heart and Blood in 1628, Proved the circulation of blood, disproved Galen's theory that liver produced blood, proved veins only flow from the heart, further disproved Galen

The Black Death

1347, bubonic plague, carried on rats, probably spread through flea bites

Printing Press

1440, Gutenberg invents the printing press

The Great Plague

1665, pneumonic plague, carried between humans,

Edward Jenner

1798, developed vaccines, eradicated smallpox

James Simpson

1847, first effective anaesthetic, chloroform, people still died because of infection

Florence Nightingale

Crimean war, 1854, wrote 2 books Notes on Nursing and Notes on Hospitals in 1859, 1860 sets up the Nightingale School for Nurses, pavilion style hospitals, improved sanitation in hospitals. Examples of improvements: floor regularly scrubbed, nurses organised into teams to care for soldiers, clean bedding and good meals provided. This caused the casualty rate to go from 40% to 2%.

John Snow

1854, preventing cholera, Broad Street Water Pump, proved cholera was water born but people still believed in miasma until Pasteur

Louis Pasteur

1861, germ theory, also developed first vaccines since Snow

Reform Act

1867, enfranchised urban males

Joseph Lister

1867, carbolic acid

Public Health Act

1875, compulsory for local councils to improve sewers and drainage

Hugh Owen Thomas

1875, Thomas Splint, kept leg rigid, 80% mortality rate to 15%

Wilhelm Rontgen

1895 discovered x rays

Radiotherapy

1899, Sweden, Stenbeck uses roentgen therapy on a woman

Karl Landsteiner

1901, discovered blood groups

Paul Ehrlich

1907, magic bullet called salvarsan, over 600 test all wrong, 1909, Hata retests, 606 cures syphilis

Richard Lewisohn

1915, sodium citrate to store blood, ~2 days of storage

Rous & Turner

1916, citrate glucose to store blood, ~4 weeks of storage

Alexander Fleming

1925, leaves out petri dish

Gerhard Dömagk

1932, 2nd magic bullet, Prontosil, tests on own daughter

M&B 693

1938, 3rd magic bullet, Pneumonia, Winston Churchill cured

Florey & Chain

1938, they found Fleming’s findings on penicillin and in 1941 they tested it, had enough for D-Day, 2.3 million doses 1944

Impact of NHS

1948, Sir William Beveridge, Beveridge Report

Lung Cancer

1950, Ernst Wynder, Evarts Graham, and Richard Doll, cigarettes linked to lung cancer

Chemotherapy

1953, Roy Hertz and Min Chiu Li cured the first human tumour cell

Crick & Watson

1953, found out DNA was a double helix, Franklin and Wilkins took the photo of DNA.

Christiaan Barnard

1967, transplant surgery

Human Genome Project

1990-2003, thousands of scientists across the world find out how DNA works

RAMC

Royal Army Medical Corps, part of the army that was dedicated to medical care, which included doctors.

FANY

First Aid Nursing Yeomanry, up to 450 female volunteers who drove ambulances & more key work.

Casualty

Soldiers who couldn't fight anymore. Includes people killed, injured, ill, MIA, captured or people who deserted.

Shrapnel

Fragments of metal released when a shell explodes.

Gangrene

An infection of a wound that could lead to amputation or death. Gas gangrene was a variation linked to soil.

Salient

Area which is a bulge that goes into enemy territory, making them vulnerable to attack since they are surrounded by enemies from more fronts.

BEF

British Expeditionary Force, name given to the British Army, especially in the early years.

1st Battle of Ypres

1914, Muddy and waterlogged trenches

2nd Battle of Ypres

1915, April May 1915, First use of chlorine gas

3rd Battle of Ypres

1917, Hard condition ground became waterlogged, many fell and drowned 245,000 casualties

Battle of Somme

1916, 60,000 british casualties first day, over 1 million casualties and 300,000 deaths on all sides, 420,000 casualties British and 125,000 deaths British

Battle of Arras

1917, Underground hospitals, 160,000 thousand british casualties running water

Battle of Cambrai

1917, Robertson set up a blood bank at cambrai before first battle in 1917, first use of tanks, evacuation route

Stretcher bearers

Not enough 16 per 1000, at the start of the war, in muddy condition it took up to 8 bearers to carry a stretcher

Regimental aid post

Front lines or close behind usually in dug out, medical officers patched minor wounds and sent back to front, more severe wounds sent to dressings stations, dirty, under fire often, not many medical officers

Dressing station

About a mile behind front line in tents or abandoned building, mobile teams of doctors and assistants from 1915 nurses too, not enough ambulances to take wounded to casualty clearing stations

Casualty clearing station

10 miles, had operating theatres wards and kitchens, triage system, could only deal with about 1,000, could be overwhelmed

Base hospital

Near railway/coast, specialist doctors (gas poisoning), serious injuries/operations

Helmets & Gas Masks

1915, Brodie helmets introduced first, reduced fatal head wounds 80%, later gas masks, stopped chlorine & phosphine gas but not mustard.

Gas

1915, phosphene, caused temporary blindness, coughing, skin irritation

Robert Koch

Petri dish, found how to isolate and identify bacteria, 1882 he discovers the bacteria that causes tuberculosis, 1883 discovers the cholera bacteria, he then discovers way of growing bacteria in petri dish using agar jelly and staining them. This is then used to discover many more bacteria.

Humphry Davy

1799, Nitrous Oxide, not very effective and it's a slight aphrodesiac

Robert Liston

1846, Ether, made patients vomit and it was flammable so it explodes sometimes

Joseph Bazalgette

1859, 13,000 miles of sewer