Bio 221 exam 3
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47 Terms
Salivary amylase
Begins starch digestion
Lingual lipase
Begins fat digestion
Optimal function at low ph
Pepsin
Protein digestion
Where is pepsin produced at
the proenzyme pepsinogen
Gastric lipase
Continues fat digestion
Hydrochloric Acid
Not an enzyme
Activates pepsin
Denatures proteins
Glucagon and insulin
modulate blood sugar
Proteolytic enzymes
Trypsinogen, Chymotrypsinogen, Procarboxypeptidase
Ribonuclease and Deoxyribonuclease
Break down RNA and DNA
what does the Enzymatic casscade begin with
Trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase produced by the pancreas
Pancreatic Products
Glucagon and insulin
• Proteolytic enzymes
• Pancreatic Amylase
• Pancreatic Lipase
• Ribonuclease and Deoxyribonuclease
what does hemoglobin do
it has to pick up and drop off oxygen.
what does hemoglobin exist in
R and T state
R state
has high binding affinity to oxygen
T state
has low binding affinity for oxygen
what factors control hemoglobin binding
co 2 concentrations
ph
allosteric effectors
temperature
where is increases co2
near tissue
what are 2 ways co2 affects oxygen binding
co2 directly competes with o2 for binding sites
co2 reacts with water in the plasma form of carbonic acid resulting in ph change
high co2 means
high release of o2
high temperatures causes what in o2
denaturing of o2-hb bond causing a release of o2
what does air entering the lungs cause
cool to the blood which causes a favorable shift to pick up o2
3 main effectors
ATP
BPG
GTP
what does the 3 main effector cause
shift to a t state
what are the 3 main effectors produced by
citric acid
more energy means
more o2 release
where does t state occur more often
in low ph
acidic
co2 and water react to form
carbonic acid
lower ph
what happens when tissues have no o2
they undergo anaerobic metabolism
lactic acid production
how is the affinity for hb different for o2 and co2
co2 is 200x greater
residual volume
the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation
inspiratory capacity
3600 ml
functional residual capacity
2400 ml
vital capacity
4800 ml
total lung capacity
6000 ml
Trypsinogen becomes Trypsin in the presence
Enterokinase in the small intestine
Trypsin activates
chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase
inspiratory reserve volume
the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal
3100 ml
tidal volume
the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during normal breath
500 ml
expiratory reserve volume
the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled from the lungs after a normal exhalation
1200 ml
residual volume
the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation
1200 ml
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Alveoli of the Lungs
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Trachea
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Intestine
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Esophagus
Hyaline Cartilage
Trachea
Elastic Cartilage
Epiglottis
Smooth Muscle
Intestine