Lecture Notes Review on Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

These flashcards cover key concepts related to covalent bonding, Lewis structures, and periodic properties as discussed in the lecture.

Covalent Bond

A chemical bond in which two or more electrons are shared by two atoms.

Octet Rule

Atoms will lose, gain, or share electrons to achieve a noble gas electron configuration.

Bond Pairs

Shared electrons that achieve a full shell of electrons are called bonding pairs.

Lone Pair

An electron pair that is not involved in bonding, also known as an unshared pair.

Lewis Structure

A representation of covalent bonding where shared electron pairs are shown as lines or pairs of dots.

Single Bond

A bond that occurs when atoms are held together by one electron pair.

Triple Bond

A bond that occurs when atoms are connected by three pairs of electrons.

Electronegativity (EN)

A measure of an atom's ability in a compound to draw electrons to itself in a bond.

Bond Polarity

A description of how evenly or unevenly electrons are shared between two bonded atoms.

Electronegativity Difference

The difference in electronegativity that determines the bond type: covalent, polar covalent, or ionic.

Dipole Moment

A measure of a bond's polarity within a molecule, indicating the direction of electron density.

Hydrogen Bonding

Occurs when hydrogen is bonded to highly electronegative elements like oxygen.

Lewis Structures of Molecules

Illustrations showing the arrangements of electrons in molecules, predicting properties and interactions.

Bond Length

The distance between the nuclei of two covalently bonded atoms.

Bond Energy

The energy needed to overcome the attraction between the nuclei and shared electrons in a bond.

Ionic Bond

A bond that occurs between a metal and a nonmetal involving the transfer of electrons.

Properties of Covalent Compounds

Typically lower melting and boiling points compared to ionic compounds due to weaker intermolecular forces.

Valence Electrons

Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom that are involved in forming bonds.