Psy 438 Exam 2

Psychotherapy

Treatment techniques administered by mental health professionals in a professional relationship to help clients overcome psychological problems

Psychodynamic

Emphasizes exploration of the unconscious conflicts and other psychological forces that underlie behavior disorders

Humanistic approach

use of the client— therapist relationship to create conditions in which clients recognize and act on genuine feelings and reach they full growth potential

Behavioral approach

techniques dereived from learning theory to identify and alter specific behaviors associated with psychological disorders

Cognitive, cognitive behavior and acceptance based approach

development of cognitive skills for identifying unhelpful thinking, evaluating and modifying beliefs

Social Systems

the influence of social and cultural forces operating in client’s lives, including experienced of poverty or discrimination. often conducted in group and family formats

what are macroskills

Communication, relationship-building and self monitoring

Intrapersonal characteristics

having a secure attachment style, good coping and self management skills, clear self-awareness and a positive attitude toward clinical work

Challenges in therapeutic work

• competency -related

• personality-based

• situational

Competency-related challenges

therapists question whether they have the knowledge or skills to be effective in a given situation

Personality-based

therapists questioning the degree to which their own personal characteristic are compromising their effectiveness

Situational

concerns result from characteristics of the therapists’ client base or work situation

Therapeutic alliance

the emotional bond between therapist and client and their shared understanding or treatment tasks and goals

who brought attention to therapeutic alliance?

Carl Rogers

Rupture

Deterioration of a therapy relationship signaled by disagreement about goals, reduced collaboration, and a strained emotional bond between client and therapist

Insight

clients’ awareness and understanding of the nature, causes and factors maintaining their problems

Interpretation

Therapist comments designed to prompt clients to examine their thoughts and actions and reach more informed conclusions about them

Placebo effect

the appearance of treatment benefits based on clients’ belief that the treatment will help

Confidentiality

Ethical therapists protect the clients’ privacy and except under specific circumstances, do not reveal information that the client shares in therapy

Competency

competent clinicians are professionally responsible meaning that they practice only within their areas of experitse

Informed consent

therapists are obligated to tell clients about the limits of confidentiality, about potential outcomes of treatment, and about anything else that might affect the client’s willingness to enter therapy

Conflict of interest

therapists are obligated to maintain therapeutic boundaries

case formulation

a clinician’s conceptualization of the client’s problems, strengths and protective factors, along with their interconnections , origins and the factors that maintia problems

Therapist-based treatment planning (top-down planning)

reflects high-level influence of the therapist’s preferred theoretical orientation. therapists treat all clients using methods suggested by that orientation

“one-size-fits-all” treatment planning

the client’s diagnosis, not just the therapist’s orientation shapes treatment decisions

Diagnosis-based treatment planning

what empirical research says is most likely to be helpful for each general diagnosis category of disorder

Therapist self-disclosure

therapists must decide whether to share personal information such as their emotional reactions, incidents from their own lives.

Premature termination

clients’ leaving psychotherapy before the treatment process has completed

Efficacy

Describes a treatment that is shown to work in controlled studies

Effectiveness

a treatment that is useful in clinical practice

Statistically significant

a difference that would rarely be seen even after many replications of a study, if there really was no difference

Clinically significant

improvement that is large enough that clients feel and act more like people without a disorder

within-subjects design

research in which changes are observed and analyzed as clients receive one or more forms of treatment

Independent variable

a factor that researchers manipulate in an experiment

dependent variable

a factor in which changes are to be observed

between-subjects designs

different groups of clients are compared after receiving differing treatments or control conditions

Nonspecific effects

elements of a therapy program other than the specific procedures used in a treatment

Bona fide interventions

based on a coherent theoretical rationale, have been widely used for a long time and are supported by a strong research foundation

Dismantling

researchers can take apart treatments that are known to work in order to identify their most therapeutivally effective components

external validity

the degree to which the results of a particular study are likely to apply to other clinets and treatment situations

Randommized controlled trials

the “gold standard” treatments are evaluated and consistently adopted into clinical practice. have high internal validity

internal validity

the degree to which the design of an experiment includes enough control over potentially misleading influences that researchers can draw accurate conclusions about the causes of their results

Sequential Multiple Assignment, Randomized Trial

designs that allow multiple pointf of randomization within a trial so that later stages of treatment can be adjusted depending on how the first part of treatment went

Box score review

a summary of outcome research which counts the number of studies that are judged to give positive and negative results

Meta-analysis

a statistical technique for standardizing and summarizing the outcomes of many therapy studies

effect size

the average difference in outcome between treated and untreated groups across the studies in a meta-analysis

Group therapy

can be effective for many disorders, esp. when there is a strong therapeutic alliance and group cohesion

Couples therapy

behaviroal couples therapy and emotion-focues couples therapy are effective but benefits may not be long lasting

Family Therapy

Behavioral versions are especially effective in the short-term; benefits tend to diminish over time

Prevention programs

a number of programs are effective for preventing aggression, HIV infection, binge drinking , drug abuse and suicide

Self- help groups and resources

minimal experimental research has been done some people find self-help useful but the effectiveness of self-help materials can vary substantially, little clear cause— effect data are available

combination of psychotherapy and medications

combination can be better than wither alone for some disorders but not others

denial

being unable to recognize or acknowledge threatening experiences

repression

anxiety-provoking thoughts and memories disappear into the unconscious

regression

retreating to coping strategies characteristic of earlier stages of development

projection

attributing one’s own negative motives and impulses to others

reaction formation

adopting thoughts and behaviors that are the oppostie of one’s own expression of unacceptable impulses into more socially acceptable activities

defense mechanisms

unconscious mental strategies designed to keep anxiety-provoking material from reaching consciousness

free association

saying whatever comes to mind, without censorship to provide clues to unconscious memories , impulses and fantacies

Psychoanalysis

a method of psychotherapy that seeks to help clients gain insight into and work through, unconscious thoughts and emotions presumed to cause psychological problems

Transference

a process in wich client’s typical relationship patterns and defense mechanisms appear in the therapy relationship

countertransference

impairs the progress of therapy if therapists begin to distirt the therapeutic interaction on the basis of their own conflicts and defenses

insight

a client’s conscious awareness of the underlying causes of psychological problems

working through

fully exploring the implications of insights gained in psychoanalysis

transference neurosis

the reenactment of the causes of the client’s problems within the therapy relationship

Psychodynamic psychotherapies

variations on psychoanalytic treatment that departed significantly from the principles and methods of Freud’s original theories

Individual Psychology

Alfred Adler

striving to overcome feelings of inferiority; importance of social motives and social behavior

Analytical Psych

Carl Jung

Humans are born not just with sexual and aggressive drives but also drives for creativity growth-oriented resolution of conflicts

Ego Psych

Anna Freud

focus on current problems bolstering adaptive ego functioning and establishment of firm identity and intimacy

Object relations therapy

Melanie Klein

Modifying mental representations of interpersonal relationships that stem from early attachments using the nurturing therapeutic relationship to support change

relational psychodynamic and postmodern psychotherapy

Harry stack

the interpersonal rather than intrapersonal contexts in which disorders appear

Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy

focus on current crisis or problem; quickly form a therapeutic alliance and encourage clients to adopt coping strategies to deal with specific problems within specific domains

interpersonal psychotherapy

a time-limited treatment that focus on resolving the interpersonal problems that underlie psychological problems such as depression

Humanistic treatments

person-centered, Gestalt and existential therapy

person-centered psychotherapy

the therapist guides the client to self-understanding, self-acceptance. it is the therapist as a human being

actualizing tendancy

the directional trend which is evident in all organic and human life — the urge to extend, develop, mature — the tendancy to express and activat all the capacities of the organism

Unconditional positive regard

PCT the therapist attitude that expresses caring for and acceptance of the client as a valued person

Incongruence

children who develop under conditions of worth begin to adopt thoughts, feelings and behaviors that reflects a socially approved, ideal self-concept rather than theyr genuine, real self-concept

person-centered therapy

treatment that focus on creating-therapist relationship characterized by unconditional positive regard, empathy and congruence that allows clients to become aware of their true thoughts and feelings and thus remove blockages to their personal growth

Empathy

In person-centered therapy, the therapist’s attempt to appreciate how the world looks from the client’s point of view

Congruence

a consistency between the way therapists feel and the way they act toward clients

Gestalt therapy

an active form of humanistic treatment that seeks to create conditions in which clients can become more unified, more self-aware and more self-accepting

Behavior therapy

A collection of learning-based treatment techniques that includes exposure therapies, behavioral activation and contingency management

Classical conditioning

when a neutral stimulus comes just before or otherwise signals the arrival of another stimulus that automatically triggers a reflexive response

Operant conditioning

certain behaviors are strengthened or weakened by the rewards or punishments that follow those behaviors

functional analysis

gathering information about the personal and environmental factors that trigger and support a client’s adaptive and maladaptive behaviors

exposure treatments

arranging for clients to have extended contact with a feared situation so that they can gain mastery over it and discover that it is not harmful

progressive relaxation training

a set of muscle tension and release procedures designed to create feelings of relaxation that are incompatible with anxiety

Social skills training

procedures designed to improve the skills clients need to interact successfully with other people

assertiveness training

a form of social skills training focused on helping clients to effectively express their needs and wishes

behavioral activation

a behavioral treatment method to help clients engage more often in behaviors that will provide reinforcement from the environment

aversion therapy

a set of techniques that employ painful or unpleasant stimuli to decrease unwanted behaviors

cognitive therapy

a treatment approach that aims at identifying, evaluating and changing clients’ maladaptive cognitions

schemas

organized knowledge that influences how we anticipate,percieve,interpret and recall information

cognitive reconstructing

the process of generating more balanced and helpful alternative ways of thinking

rational-emotive behavior therapy

an approach to cognitive therapy that directly attacks irrational beliefs that support psychological problems and teaches more rational ways of thinking

cognitive behavior therapy

treatment packages for psychological disorders that combine elements of behavior therapy and cognitive therapy

Mindfullness

an important element of third-wave treatments that encourages observation and acceptance of one’s current experience

acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)

a treatment whose goal is to help clients engage fully in the present and respond to situations in ways that are consistent with their values

unified protocol

a CBT appraoch aimed at treating several disorders sat once by addressing the common mechanisms maintaining all of them