American Yawp ch 1-4

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Three Sisters

corn, beans, squash

Matrilineal

relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother

Cahokia

an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.

Native American Slavery

At first Spanish settlers relied on forced labor of Native Americans to work their plantations.

Kinship

A social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption

Potlach

elaborate redistribution ceremony practiced among the Kwakiutl of the Pacific Northwest

Reconquista

Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms.

Sugar Cultivation

Drove slave trade. Ruled by absentee landlords. More English residents in West Indies than in Chesapeake and New England. Profitable crop.

Christopher Columbus

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.

Encomienda

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

Bartolome de Las Casas

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor.

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.

Aztecs

Also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax.

La Malinche

She was the interpreter for Cortes. She helped the Spanish make their way into Tenochtitlan.

Inca

Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco.

Sistema de Castas

the way that the Spanish differentiated between themselves and peoples of mixed blood

What was the name of the most powerful Native American group in sixteenth-century Florida?

Apalachee

What was the first permanent European settlement in the current American Southwest?

Santa Fe

The writings of which Spanish missionary most directly led to the development of the Black Legend?

Bartolome de las Casas

The Northwest Passage allegedly promised a water-route to...

Asia

The expansion of the Iroquois pushed many Algonquian-speaking Indians into the "middle ground," located in what region?

Great Lakes

Which of the following European countries offered the most religious liberty?

Netherlands

Which of the following best describes the economic activity of the Dutch in New Netherlands?

Trade with Indians

The Dutch used what kind of labor to construct New Amsterdam?

Enslaved Africans

England's so-called "Golden Age," that included the works of Shakespeare, occurred under the reign of which monarch?

Elizabeth I

In the late sixteenth century, England went to war with which nation?

Spain

Jamestown was established in a disastrous location. What proved to be the worst aspect of the location?

Brackish tidal water

What proved to be the salvation of Jamestown?

Tobacco

The Headright Policy promised which of the following?

50 acres for anyone paying the passage of an English immigrant to Virginia

When did slavery first emerge in Virginia?

The Dutch sold 20 Africans to Virginia colonists

Justification from African slavery partly derived from interpretations of a biblical curse placed on Noah. This curse was known as...?

Curse of Ham

Franciscans

peoples who converted new world people to christianity, and took care of the poor.

Black Legend

Concept that Spanish conquerors merely tortured and murdered Indians, stole gold and infected them with smallpox, leaving nothing of benefit

Northwest Passage

A water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through northern Canada and along the northern coast of Alaska. Sought by navigators since the 16th century to find route to Asia.

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer in Nova Scotia who established Port Royal (destroyed) then a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635)

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Métis

People of mixed Native American and French Canadian descent

Middle ground

cross-cultural space that allowed for Native American and European interaction, negotiation, and accomadation

New Netherland

A colony founded by the Dutch in the New World. It became New York.

wampum

Belts or strings of polished seashells that were used for trading gift-giving by Iroquois & other Native Americans

Iroquois

A group of tribes speaking related languages living in the eastern Great Lakes region.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Richard Hakluyt

English promoter of exploration. In 1584 he wrote A Discourse of Western Planting in which he pleaded for colonies to accomplish diverse objects: to extend the reformed religion, to expand trade, to supply England's needs from her own dominions, and various other reasons for exploration.

joint-stock companies

businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses

piracy

stealing goods from ships

Spanish Armada

The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia in 1607

Powhatan Confederacy

Alliance of Native American tribes living in the region of the initial Virginia settlement. Powhatan, leader of this alliance, tried to live in peace with the English settlers when they arrived in 1607.

tobacco

Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown

Curse of Ham

Because Ham was the father of black people, and because he and his descendants were cursed to be slaves because of his sin against Noah, some Christians said, "Africans and their descendants are destined to be servants, and should accept their status as slaves in fulfillment of biblical prophecy."

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay, believed God predestined souls.

Who led the Pueblo Revolt?

Popé

The Spanish king adopted which of the following policies for enslaved Africans who escaped English territory to St. Augustine, Florida?

Slaves escaping from the English were freed

Puritans derived their theology primarily from which system of Christian thought?

Calvinst

Puritans led the revolt against King Charles I in what is now called

The English Civil War

What was the most common means for colonists to acquire Native American slaves?

War

What is the term that slaves used for the voyage across the Atlantic?

The Middle Passage

Enslaved Africans sold in North America differed from most slave communities. What was the most important distinction?

North American Slaves arrived healthier

Most slaves were taken from which region in Africa?

West Africa

What is the current estimate of the number of Africans forcibly relocated from Africa to the New World?

11 to 12 million

Slave status was tracked through which family member?

mother

What was a motivating factor in the creation of colonies such as Maryland, Connecticut, and Rhode Island?

religion

Bacon’s Rebellion and King Phillip’s War occurred at approximately the same time, in Virginia and Massachusetts respectively. Both conflicts grew out of which of the following causes?

hostiles with indians

What crop led to the creation of large plantations and great wealth for the elite in the Carolinas?

rice

The English survived the Yamasee War by developing an alliance with what powerful group?

cherokee

The Walking Purchase of 1737 seized land from Indians in which colony?

Pennsylvania

Improvements in all of the following increased opportunities for colonists to purchase consumer goods EXCEPT

standardized currency

What was the “commodity money” used in Virginia?

Tobacco

Which of the following colonies generated the most revenue?

Barbados

What was the largest American city during the late eighteenth centry?

Philidelphia

Which colony outlawed slavery in 1750?

Slavery was legal in every North American British colony at that time

Which of these systems of slave labor offered enslaved people the greatest independence in the use of their time?

Task system

Which of the following colonies had a majority enslaved African population?

South Carolina

How did the culture of rice cultivation reach colonial Carolina?

Enslaved Americans

What portion of residents in 1700 New York City was enslaved?

15-20%

What was the first English group to turn against slavery?

Quakers

What were the major political parties in colonial America?

There were no major political parties in colonial America

What is the name for the practice whereby a married woman loses all of her political and economic rights to her husband?

Coverture

Where did the Great Awakening begin?

New England

What is the name of the prophet who inspired Pontiac’s Rebellion?

Neolin

Which of the following resulted from Pontiac’s war?

Creation of the Proclamation Line of 1763