AP Gov unit 1-3 test

The 10th Amendment

Gave states any power, not specifically assigned to the National Government in the Constitution

Necessary and Proper Clause

gives Congress power to make any laws necessary to execute the enumerated powers (conflict with 10th amendment)

interstate commerce

regulated by Congress, across multiple states

intrastate commerce

regulated by the state, within state lines

Confederation

all power flows from the states to the government (decentralized power)

unitary

all power flows from the government to the states (concentrated power)

federal

power is shared between the government and the states (divided power)

enumerated/expressed powers

Powers given to the government, specifically expressed in the constitution

exclusive powers

Powers exclusive to the federal government

implied powers

Powers given to the government, not specifically expressed in the constitution but implied by the necessary and proper clause

reserved powers

Powers reserved for the states (any power not granted to the government in the constitution)

concurrent powers

Powers shared between the government and the states

commerce clause

gives Congress power to regulate interstate commerce and restricts states from impairing it

supremacy clause

the Constitution and federal laws take precedence over any conflicting state laws

full faith and credit clause

Full Faith and Credit- requires states to recognize the public acts, records, and civil court proceedings from another state (if something is legally established in one state it must be accepted as valid in other states)

extradition

requires a state to return a fugitive to the state where they are accused of committing a crime

privileges and immunities clause

prohibits states from discriminating against citizens of other states when it comes to basic rights

thirteenth amendment

banned slavery

fourteenth amendment

birthright citizenship

fifteenth amendment

all men have the right to vote

dual federalism

states and the gov operate independently (layer cake)

cooperative federalism

states and gov work together (gov sets standards and provides funds while states implement) (marble cake)

grants-in-aid

tool used by the federal government to achieve policy objectives within states

categorical grants

Provided to states with limits on how they spend the money

fiscal federalism

federal government gives grants-in-aid to the states, with conditions attached to the money (ex. highway and drinking age)

unfunded mandates

Government requires states to pay for programs without providing funds

devolution

returning more authority to the states

block grants

More broad limits give states more control over how they spend the money (ex. education)

united States v lopez

involves the tenth amendment. limits the federal govs ability to pass legislation under the commerce clause, gives more power to the states

mcculloch v maryland established _

established that Congress has the implied power to charter a bank under the necessary and proper clause, and states may not tax federal gov

Politics

process we use to solve conflict

government

enforces the social contracts

Inalienable rights

rights that cannot be taken away

Natural rights

rights that people are born with

Pluralism

The theory that political power is distributed among many groups in society so that no group dominates the gov

Elitism

The theory that a small group of wealthy and powerful people hold most of the political power, even if elections exist

Social contract

people agree to give the government the authority to govern

Social conflict

the idea that disagreements and struggles between different groups in society are unavoidable and natural in a democracy

traits of american political culture

Democracy, natural rights, popular sovereignty, liberty, freedom, pursuit of happiness

Civil Society

Groups outside of the govs control

Participatory democracy

A system where citizens are actively involved in making political decisions

importance of participatory democracy

helps ensure the government reflects the people's will and has legitimacy

purpose of the constitution

to solve the problems with the Articles of Confederation

Judicial

interprets laws (supreme court)

Executive

enforces laws (president)

Legislative

makes laws (congress--senate and house of reps)

Unicameral

one house legislature

Bicameral

two house legislature

Federalists

Supported strong central gov, Pro constitution

Anti federalists

Supported stronger state governments, Anti constitution (called for bill of rights)

Great Compromise

bicameral legislature--house of reps and senate

⅗ Compromise

Slaves count as ⅗ of a person in a states representation

Electoral College

Each state gets a certain number of electoral votes based on its population, gives smaller states a bigger influence on elections

Compromise on Importation of Slaves

Slave trade restriction will not be brought up until 20 years has passed

Civil Liberties in the original document

habeas corpus, bills of attainder, ex post facto laws

Habeas corpus

the right to know what the charges were against you when detained

Bills of attainder

can't put people in jail without a trial

Ex post facto laws

can't arrest someone if they committed the crime when it was still legal

Separation of powers

distributes power to avoid too much power in one branch

Checks and balances

prevents abuse of power within branches by giving them power over each other

Enumerated (aka Expressed) powers

Authority specifically granted in the constitution

Necessary and proper clause

grants congress necessary powers to enforce enumerated powers

Implied powers

authority of the federal government not explicitly granted by the constitution

Supremacy Clause

Constitution is the supreme law of the land

fed papers 10

Madison, large constitutional republic, warning against factions

fed papers 51

Madison, separation of powers, people are too selfish to govern themselves

brutus 10

Suspicion of power, too much power for national gov would render states useless

Gibbons v Ogden established _

established that the U.S. Congress has broad authority under the Commerce Clause to regulate interstate commerce

Barron v Baltimore established _

established that the protections in the U.S. Bill of Rights only applied to the federal government, not to state and local governments

article 1; section 8

lists the enumerated powers granted to the federal government

state-to-state

the relationships/mutual obligations between the states

selective incorporation

The supreme court uses the due process clause to apply certain protections from the bill of rights to the states, case by case

due process clause

Guarantees that the government cannot deprive individuals of "life, liberty, or property" without fair legal procedures

funded mandates

Federal require something and provide funds to the states to help them complete it

Revenue Sharing

government provides funds to states with few restrictions and no strings attached (ended because it was too costly)