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Battle of the Marne (1914)
A pivotal battle near the Marne River, France, where the Allies counterattacked German forces, ending their advance toward Paris and leading to trench warfare.
Battle of Verdun (1916)
A prolonged battle in Verdun, France, where Germany aimed to demoralize the French but resulted in heavy casualties, symbolizing French resilience.
Battle of the Somme (1916)
A major offensive launched by the Allies at the Somme River, aimed at relieving pressure on Verdun, resulting in over 1.5 million casualties.
Battle of Passchendaele (1917)
An infamous battle in Ypres, Belgium, characterized by terrible conditions, heavy casualties, and minimal territorial gain, highlighting the futility of trench warfare.
Central Powers
The military alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary during World War I, opposed to the Allied Powers.
Triple Entente
The alliance formed by France, Russia, and Great Britain before World War I.
Italy's Switch in 1915
Italy originally part of the Triple Alliance, joined the Allied side in 1915 during World War I.
U.S. Entry into World War I
The United States entered World War I on April 6, 1917, joining the Allies.
Conditions for Soldiers in WWI
Soldiers faced terrible conditions including mud, rats, lice, and disease, with frontlines barely moving for years.
Battle Losses
WWI battles often resulted in massive losses with little territorial gain due to the nature of trench warfare.
Bootlegging
The illegal production, distribution, or sale of alcohol, especially prominent during the Prohibition era.
Rum-Runner
A type of bootlegger who smuggled alcohol by sea, often from the Caribbean to the U.S.
Speakeasy
An illegal bar or nightclub serving alcohol during the Prohibition era.
Post-WWI Boom
A period of rapid economic growth in the U.S. following World War I, driven by technological innovations and industrial recovery.
Mass Production
The widespread use of assembly lines and production techniques that increased the availability of consumer goods.
Consumer Credit
The rise of consumer credit allowed more people to purchase goods like cars and household appliances, fueling economic expansion.
Stock Market Expansion
The 1920s saw a booming stock market with increased investment, which contributed to growing wealth but also financial instability by the decade's end.
Stock Market Crash (1929)
The U.S. stock market collapsed in October 1929, wiping out billions of dollars in wealth and triggering a global financial crisis.
Overproduction and Underconsumption
Industries and farms produced more goods than consumers could afford, leading to layoffs and surpluses.
Bank Failures
Many banks collapsed, causing people to lose their savings and limiting access to credit.
Global Trade Collapse
High tariffs, such as the Smoot-Hawley Tariff, reduced global trade and worsened the economic situation.
Drought and the Dust Bowl
The agricultural sector, especially in the U.S. Midwest, was devastated by drought, leading to crop failures and widespread displacement.
Unequal Distribution of Wealth
A small percentage of the population controlled much of the wealth, while the majority struggled to make ends meet, limiting economic consumption.
Franklin D. Roosevelt (U.S. President)
Elected in 1932, Roosevelt implemented the New Deal to address the economic crisis, focusing on relief, recovery, and reform.
R.B. Bennett (Canada’s Prime Minister)
Faced with the depression, Bennett’s response was seen as insufficient; his conservative policies failed to mitigate the crisis, leading to his electoral defeat.
Herbert Hoover (U.S. President)
President during the onset of the Great Depression; criticized for relying on volunteerism and minimal government intervention.
William Lyon Mackenzie King (Canada’s Prime Minister)
Led Canada during the Great Depression, enacting measures that were seen as more effective in combating the economic downturn.
Relief
Immediate help for those suffering from poverty and unemployment, such as the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and the Works Progress Administration (WPA).
Recovery
Economic programs aimed at stimulating growth and bringing the economy back from recession, like the National Recovery Administration (NRA).
Reform
Long-term changes to prevent future depressions, including banking reforms (FDIC), Social Security, and labor laws.
John Maynard Keynes
Economist who advocated for government intervention in the economy during times of crisis, promoting increased spending and lower taxes to boost demand.
Impact of Keynesian Economics
Keynesian economics became the foundation for much of Roosevelt’s New Deal and influenced economic policy worldwide during the 20th century.
