Psych 4008 Baumeister Exam 3

the three faculties of Upham's trilogy of mind?

intellect (cognition), sensibilities (emotion), and will (action)

what should you associate Kenneth and Maime Phipps Clark with?

doll study and Brown v Board of Education

Mary Whiton Calkins

did research with James, Harvard would not give her a PHD, first woman president of APA

William James

things to associate with him: pragmatic theory of truth, characteristics of consciousness, James-Lange theory of emotion, free will and influence of french philosopher Renouvier, parapsychology

pragmatic theory of truth

truth is what works

characteristics of consciousness

continuous, in constant flux, private, useful

James-Lange theory of emotion

emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli

free will and influence of French philosopher Renouvier

James was disturbed to the point of depression by the materialistic determinist view of life emerging from science but Renouvier defined free will as "the sustaining of thought because I choose to when I might have other thoughts" James decided that "my first act of free will shall be to believe in free will"

parapsychology

the scientific investigation of claims of paranormal phenomena and abilities

G. Stanley Hall

things to associate with him: founded the APA, his approach of genetic (evolutionary psychology), recapitulation theory, early developmental psychology researcher, Hall and Freud, and the variability hypothesis

genetic psychology

Study of evolution and development of the human mind

Hall applied Haeckel's recapitulation theory, what is this theory?

the idea that development (ontogeny) mimics evolutionary history (phylogeny)

what did hall believe about development?

it occurs throughout lifespan

did hall recognize adolescence as a stage of development?

yes

Hall and Freud

hall was interested in Freud's psychoanalytical theory, so for the 20th anniversary of Clark University, he invited him to come lecture, this stimulated the development of the psychoanalytical movement in America

variability hypothesis

The notion that men show a wider range and variation of physical and mental development than women; the abilities of women are seen as more average.

titchener

things to associate with him: gives structuralism and functionalism their names, elements of mind, introspective habit

structuralism is analogous with?

anatomy

functionalism is analogous with?

physiology

titchener's clash with american psychology?

Titchener was a structuralist, America was interested in functionalism

what group did titchener found?

experimentalists

what did experimentalists beleive?

only laboratory research was scientific

titchener's elements of mind?

sensations and feelings

titchener's laboratory manuals were used in american drill courses, what were drill courses?

focused on setting up and using laboratory equipment and on replication of previous experiments

introspective habit

titchner believed it was possible to train subjects so that introspection became automatic and did not require conscious effort, if introspection is automatic, then the experience is uncontaminated by introspective effort

what were 4 introspective skills subjects could learn through extensive practice?

maintaining attention, avoiding bias, knowing what to look for, parsing the experience through time

what was Titchener's dispute with Baldwin over?

sensory v motor reaction time. Baldwin reports the difference only occurs in trained observers

dewey

functionalist, analyzes reflex arch in functionalist terms, founds functional psychology

carr

functionalist, standardizes animal mazes, does "kerplunck" study

cattell

functionalist, American pioneer in mental testing, follows Galton and uses sensory and reaction time measures, applies new correlational statistics to analyzes tests, they don't correlate with anything useful, approach fails, abandoned effort to develop mental test

thorndike

functionalist, transitional figure between functionalism and behaviorism, experimental laboratory study of animal learning (cats in puzzle boxes), trial and error learning, law of effect

law of effect

behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

trial and error learning

Learning that takes place when a child tries several solutions before finding one that works

woodworth

functionalist, gave definitions of "experiment", independent variables, and dependent variables. transfer learning, dynamic psychology and S-O-R formulation

transfer learning

the phenomenon where learning one task facilitates learning of a new task

S, O, and R stand for what in S-O-R formulation?

stimulation, organism, and response

ebbinghaus

sentence completion test

binet

first successful intelligence test, age norming, Defines subnormaility for purposes of special education as mental level 2 years below chronological age

stern

creates the mental quotient

goddard

Translates Binet-Simon test into English and uses it to classify feeble-mindedness by IQ, eugenicist

goddard does the kallikak study, what is this?

show feeblemindedness is inherited. Kallikak is contraction of two Greek terms, one meaning "good", the other meaning bad; traces linage of feeble-minded woman (Deborah Kallikak) to Martin Kallikak, a normal revolutionary war hero; descendants' from Martin to Deborah are feebleminded, descendants from Martin and wife are normal.

what group was goddard particularly concerned with and warned that inherited feeble-mindedness was causing race deterioration?

"morons" because they appear normal and are sexually promiscuous.

what parts of europe did goddard say were more likely to be feeble minded?

immigrants from southern and eastern European countries

goddard and yerkes work resulted in what?

immigration quotas in the federal "National Origins Act" in 1924

terman

"invents" IQ (intelligence quotient) mental quotient times 100, Revises the Binet-Simon test and standardizes it on Americans, creating the Stanford Binet Intelligence test

terman was an advocate of meritocracy, what is this?

a person's standing in society should be determined by their merit (value/worth) not birth right

terman's termites study

Does longest longitudinal study on gifted (high IQ) children. Shows that early IQ is stable over time, predicts success, and people with high IQ are happy and well-adjusted

what did the developers of IQ believe?

IQ is inherited, IQ is a general (unitary) ability, environment has little to do with it.

what were the 4 things that Walter Lippman argues against the IQ idea and meritocracy?

1. The conclusion that the average American is feeble-minded is wrong because it is based on the wrong comparison group (white middle and upper class from California)

2. IQ is more influenced by environment than genetics

3. low IQ results from limited opportunity

4. A meritocracy based on IQ would give inordinate power to tester, it would be self-fulfilling prophecy that would create an intellectual caste system, it would be a threat to democracy

walter dill scott

applies psychology to advertising, uses primacy and recency effect to determine most effective ad placement in magazines

munsterberg

criticizes eye-witness testimony; develops simulation and analytic techniques to select employees

what is the core precept of gestalt psychology?

holism

what were the two precursors to gestalt psychology?

1) Mach describes gestalt qualities of space forms and time forms

2) Ehrenfels coins term gestalt quality

wertheimer

founder of gestalt psychology; discovers phi (objectless) motion

principles of perceptual organization

Rules explaining how small elements of a scene or a display become perceptually grouped to form larger units.

koffka

behavioral vs geographic environment

behavioral environment

environment as it is perceived

geographic environment

environment as it really is

which environment do gestalt psychologists think is more important?

behavioral environment

kohler

relational learning in chickens; insight learning in monkeys; criticized Thorndike's trial and error learning for using a restricted field

lewin

Field theory and need based theory of motivation

Field Theory

Paying attention to and exploring what is occurring at the boundary between the person and the environment.

need-based theory of motivation

People are motivated by the desire to fulfill unmet needs

life space

everything relevant to behavior at point in time, includes person variables (e.g., motivation) and behavioral environment

Principle of contemporaneity

only those facts occurring at a particular moment of time are relevant to behavior

Developmental psychology

uses term differentiation for cognitive development

Lewin's study of leadership styles; how does he describe the differences between authoritarian, laissez faire, and democratic; Why does laissez faire work poorly?

authoritarian - individuals become frustrated and resentful, they were submissive, aggressive, lacked initiative, had little interest in tasks, and produced poor quality projects

laissez-faire - group experienced confusion, frustration, poor productivity because the field was unstructured - UNFAIR

democratic - cohesive, task-oriented, motivated, and produced better quality crafts

The von Restorff effect

anytime a stimulus in an information array stands out in some fashion, it will attract attention and be recalled more easily than the remaining information