Plant System and Functions - General Biology 2 (Lesson 1, Week 1)

Key concepts and definitions from the lecture slides on plant structure, tissues, seeds, leaves, roots, stems, flowers, pollination, and related topics.

What organelle acts as a selective barrier, allowing only the materials needed by the plant to enter or exit the cell?

Cell membrane

Which organelle serves as the protective storage of the plant's DNA?

Nucleus

What are plastids?

Organelles involved in pigment storage and other functions, including chloroplasts

Which pigment gives color to the plant's leaves?

Chlorophyll

What is the site of photosynthesis in plant cells?

Chloroplast

Which organelle performs apoptosis (programmed cell death)?

Lysosome

What are the three main plant tissue systems?

Dermal tissue, Ground tissue, and Vascular tissue

What is meristematic tissue?

Tissue whose cells are capable of division and are undifferentiated

What is a key difference between meristematic tissue and permanent tissue?

Meristematic tissue can divide; permanent tissue cannot (it is differentiated)

What are the main functions of plant stems?

Structural support, transport of water and nutrients, storage, and involvement in asexual reproduction and communication between plant parts

What is a node on a stem?

A point where leaves are attached (and buds may form)

What is an internode?

The space between two nodes on a stem

What is the function of the apical bud?

Primary growth at the tip of a stem (growth from the apex)

What is the function of a leaf's petiole?

Attaches the leaf blade to the stem

What roles do leaves play besides photosynthesis?

Gas exchange via stomata, transpiration, possible water storage, and protection of axillary buds

What is leaf venation like in monocots?

Usually parallel venation

What is leaf venation like in dicots?

Usually netlike (reticulate) venation

How many cotyledons do monocots have?

One

How many cotyledons do dicots have?

Two

What root system is typical of monocots?

Fibrous roots (adventitious)

What root system is typical of many dicots?

Taproot system

What is cambium?

A special layer of cells that allows trees to grow (secondary growth)

Name parts of a tree.

Leaves, fruits, branches, trunk, crown, roots

What is the crown of a tree?

The leaves and branches at the top of the tree

What is the root collar?

The base of the trunk just above where the roots join

What are deciduous and coniferous trees?

Deciduous trees lose leaves in autumn; coniferous trees have cone-bearing, mostly evergreen habit

Give examples of monocot plants.

Corn, grass, coconut, orchid, banana, iris, onion, daffodil, wheat, agave

Give examples of dicot plants.

Bean, coffee, tomato, daisy, mint, rose, pea, sunflower, apple, maple

What is pollination?

The transfer of pollen grains from the stamen to the stigma, enabling fertilization (wind, water, insects, or other animals)

What are the main agents of pollination?

Wind, water, insects, birds, or other animals

What are the parts of a flower and their general functions?

Stamen (pollen production) and Pistil (female parts) with petals and sepals for attraction/ protection; nectary for attracting pollinators; stigma, style, ovary are key pistil components

What is the function of petals?

Attract insects to visit the flower

What is the function of sepals?

Protect the flower in the bud stage

What is the function of the anther?

Contains pollen sacs that produce pollen grains

What is the function of the stigma?

Receives pollen grains during pollination

What is the function of the ovary?

Contains ovules; after fertilization, develops into seeds

What is endosperm?

Nutrient tissue that nourishes the developing embryo in seeds

What is the testa (seed coat)?

The protective outer coating of a seed

What is the radicle in seed morphology?

The embryonic root that develops into the primary root

What are cotyledons?

Seed leaves; store food for the growing embryo (one cotyledon in monocots, two in dicots)

What is the embryo in seed morphology?

The early developmental stage of the plant within the seed

What is the difference in floral parts between monocots and dicots?

Monocots usually have floral parts in multiples of 3; dicots typically in multiples of 4 or 5

What is the difference in vascular bundle arrangement in stems between monocots and dicots?

Monocots: scattered vascular bundles; Dicots: arranged in a ring

What is leaf diversity about simple vs compound leaves?

Simple leaves have a single undivided blade; compound leaves are divided into leaflets on a common rachis

What are the two types of leaf venation explained in the slides?

Paralleled (monocots) and netlike (dicots)

What is Sampaguita in the Philippines context?

National flower of the Philippines (Jasminum sambac); not native to the Philippines