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8000 BC - 3000 BC
Archaic Period
fishing hooks and nets; farming baskets
What new tools were created during the Archaic Period?
3000 BC, Mezo-America and the upper region of South America
Where and when did the Agricultural revolution begin?
specialize and advance
What did the agricultural revolution allow people to do?
maize
what was the main crop farmed in Mezo America?
The Incas
Largest and most wealthy empire of pre-columbus America
Pachacuti
Machu Pichu in the Andes Mts
persuasion, propaganda, and military force
silver
1400s (15 century)
Name the
First Leader of the Incas
First City
Where the first City was located
How the Incas forged their land
what resource made the Incas wealthy
the time period the Incas were in
the Olmec
The first truly advanced Indian civilization of Mezo America
1000 BC
when was the Olmec formed?
the Mayans
The most advanced civilization of pre-columbus America
numerical system
engineering (pyramids)
most accurate calendar (astronomy)
written language
long distance commerce
advanced agricultural practices
Name all the advancements the Mayans made
wheels
What European invention did the civilizations in America not have access to?
The Aztec (1300 AD)
The most aggressive and powerful civilization in pre-columbus America + when it was created
California → Central Mexico
Where were the Aztec originally from and where did they end up?
Gods demanded them to move south until they found an eagle on a cactus eating a snake
Why did the Aztec relocate?
Tenochtitlan
What city did the Aztec build that became a hub for arts and technology?
tyrannical, warlike, militant
What words can describe the way the Aztec ruled?
tribute & human sacrifices
What two things did the Aztec impose on other tribes?
those that paid the tax could avoid attack and violence; those that did not would have to suffer the attack
How did tribute work in the Aztec empire?
polytheistic
What religion were the Aztecs?
virgins (mostly children) to the fertility God
What type of people did the Aztec people sacrifice? Who did they sacrifice to?
Midnight of the Spring Equinox
When was the Aztec sacrifices held?
smaller in size, less advanced, more scattered
North American tribes were __________, __________, and ___________ than the Mezo-American tribes.
physical environment
What majorly affected the culture of the tribes in North America?
Inuit
Name a tribe from the Arctic circle.
hunting seals + fishing + sleds
How did the people from the Arctic circle survive?
Chinook + Tillamook Tribe
Name two tribes from the Pacific Northwest.
salmon fishing + fighting with other tribes for resources
How did people from the Pacific Northwest survive?
Sioux
Name a tribe from the Great Plains
sedentary farmers that grew grain
How did people from the Great Plains survive?
adopted horses and became nomadic hunters of buffalo
How did people from the Great Plains adapt after the Colombian Exchange?
The Pueblos + Anasazi
Name two tribes from the Southwest.
Irrigation systems
What did the Southwest tribes create in order to plant corn?
Adobe homes that were good for insulation and keeping heat out
What houses did the Southwest make and why?
on cliffs for protection from attacks
Where did the Anasazi build their homes and why?
Iroquois
Name a tribe from the Northeast.
rivers and game (animals)
What was in abundance in the northeastern tribes?
Nomadic hunters and gatherers
What jobs did the northeastern people do to get food?
slash and burn
What form of agricultural practice did the north eastern people practice?
nomadic
the northeastern people were ______; meaning they were not permanent settlers
eastern woodlands
what is another name for the people living in the northeastern region of America
Mississippians
Name a tribe from the Southeast.
earthen mounds
what was used to make burial grounds in the south east?
Cahokia
What is the major city that was developed in the Southeast by the Mississippians?
present day St Louis MO
Where was Cahokia located near?
squash, corn, beans
three sister farming included ____, ____, and _____
population
three sister farming helped support the growing _____
cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, creek, seminole
5 civilized tribes:
Algonquian, Iroquois, Muskogean
three main languages in the North American tribes
cultural practices, religion, language
The tribes were united by ______, ____, and ______
meal preparer and childcare
What place did women have in North American tribes?
Totem poles, polytheistic, animism
What religious practices did almost all North American tribes have?
2
What number represents where the Aztec lived?
1
What number represents where the Olmec lived?
3
What number represents where the Mayans lived?
4
What number represents where the Incas lived?
Powerless, nameless
Prior to 1492, the European explorers that had contact with American land before were _________ and ________.
Didn’t know
Most of Europe ________ about the Americas.
Decentralized; feudalism
Europe was _______ and under a government form called _____________ prior to the Age of Exploration.
Feudalism
a system of political organization (as in Europe during the Middle Ages) in which a vassal served a lord and received protection and land in return
Population Growth
Political Centralization (nation states)
Accumulation of Capital
New Technology
Crusades
Spice Trade
Marco Polo
List the 7 main causes for the Age of Exploration
Bubonic Plague (Black Death) of 1347
What had Europe recovered and developed immunity to?
Valois Dynasty
Name the dynasty ruling France at the time of the Age of Exploration
Tudor Dynasty
Name the dynasty ruling England at the time of the Age of Exploration
Habsburg Dynasty
Name the dynasty ruling Spain at the time of the Age of Exploration
Composite monarchies
France, England, Spain, and Portugal were all _______________ and recognized the same king in each country
Money, tools, buildings, machines
What are some examples of capital?
taxes, price in land due to population growth, increase in trade and profit
What were some causes for the rise in capital?
Triangle sails, astrolabe, and the compass
What new technology did Europe have access to that changed the game for exploration?
Distance from the equator (latitude)
What does the astrolabe measure?
Caravel ship
What ship utilized triangle sails and supported the long voyages of the Europeans?
1096, easily 300-400 years
The crusades started in what year? Lasted for how long?
Christian Europeans trying to reconquer the holy land of Palestine, Judah, and Turkey
Who were the crusaders?
Seljuk Turks
Who were the crusaders trying to beat?
7
How many crusade groups were there?
Banned Christian pilgrims
The Seljuk Turks ________ which led to the crusade revolt.
Read and speak Latin + Greek
Arabic Number System
Spices
What were some things the Muslim Seljuk Turks gave/introduced to the Europeans?
Renaissance
The introduction of the classical languages to the Europeans kickstarted the _______ and the urge for knowledge.
Indonesia, Bornea, Java, Celebes
Spices almost all came from the islands of ___________ including ______, ______, and _______.
Middle man; merchants
The abundance of _____ and _____ in the spice trade made spices very expensive.
Venice, Genoa
What two cities monopolized the spice trade and made spices even more expensive for Europeans?
Indonesia —> China —> Indians —> Arabs —> Egypt —> Italian city state —> European countries
What was the process spices took to reach the Europeans?
Bypass the middleman in the spice trade and find a direct water route to the East Indies
The main reason for exploration was to ______
Portugal
What country took the first initiative in the European Age of Exploration?
Prince Henry the Navigator
Who was the main reason Portugal was able to set its first voyage to the East Indies?
Build the mariners school and sponsored the voyage (paid for it)
What did Prince Henry the navigator do?
Cape Bird + Madeira island
What sugar islands did the Portuguese encounter on their voyage?
Plantation
What type of agriculture was discovered in the Atlantic on Portugal’s voyage to the East Indies?
Batholomieu Dias; Portugal
Who was the first to reach the African Tip and what country did he represent?
Cape of Storms — the waters there were stormy and violent
Cape of Hope — the cape gave hope that a path to the spices was possible and near
What were the two names that were given to the African tip? Why?
Vasco da Gama
Who, in 1497-98, went to the East Indies to retrieve spices for the first time for Portugal?
7000%
What percentage of profit did Portugal make on the spice trade?
Silver and gold was mass imported into Europe and decreased the value in money and caused inflation
What two materials kickstarted the Price revolution and how?
Caste system
Spain utilized the _________ which was a fixed hierarchy of the Renaissance Era
Peninsulares
Creole
Mestizo
Mulattoes
African Slaves
Native Americans
Name the ranks of the caste system
A legacy
What did Columbus want most?
Westward
Columbus thought you could sail _______ to the East Indies.
Getting lost, pirated, no food, no water, and scurvy
What were the dangers of a voyage?
Spice trade
Spain sponsored Columbus’s voyage so they could control the _______ from Portugal.
Aug/Sep 1492
When did Columbus begin is voyage?
