AP US History Unit 1 - Tribes of America Before Columbus & The Archaic Period

8000 BC - 3000 BC

Archaic Period

fishing hooks and nets; farming baskets

What new tools were created during the Archaic Period?

3000 BC, Mezo-America and the upper region of South America

Where and when did the Agricultural revolution begin?

specialize and advance

What did the agricultural revolution allow people to do?

maize

what was the main crop farmed in Mezo America?

The Incas

Largest and most wealthy empire of pre-columbus America

Pachacuti

Machu Pichu in the Andes Mts

persuasion, propaganda, and military force

silver

1400s (15 century)

Name the

1. First Leader of the Incas

2. First City

3. Where the first City was located

4. How the Incas forged their land

5. what resource made the Incas wealthy

6. the time period the Incas were in

the Olmec

The first truly advanced Indian civilization of Mezo America

1000 BC

when was the Olmec formed?

the Mayans

The most advanced civilization of pre-columbus America

1. numerical system

2. engineering (pyramids)

3. most accurate calendar (astronomy)

4. written language

5. long distance commerce

6. advanced agricultural practices

Name all the advancements the Mayans made

wheels

What European invention did the civilizations in America not have access to?

The Aztec (1300 AD)

The most aggressive and powerful civilization in pre-columbus America + when it was created

California → Central Mexico

Where were the Aztec originally from and where did they end up?

Gods demanded them to move south until they found an eagle on a cactus eating a snake

Why did the Aztec relocate?

Tenochtitlan

What city did the Aztec build that became a hub for arts and technology?

tyrannical, warlike, militant

What words can describe the way the Aztec ruled?

tribute & human sacrifices

What two things did the Aztec impose on other tribes?

those that paid the tax could avoid attack and violence; those that did not would have to suffer the attack

How did tribute work in the Aztec empire?

polytheistic

What religion were the Aztecs?

virgins (mostly children) to the fertility God

What type of people did the Aztec people sacrifice? Who did they sacrifice to?

Midnight of the Spring Equinox

When was the Aztec sacrifices held?

smaller in size, less advanced, more scattered

North American tribes were __________, __________, and ___________ than the Mezo-American tribes.

physical environment

What majorly affected the culture of the tribes in North America?

Inuit

Name a tribe from the Arctic circle.

hunting seals + fishing + sleds

How did the people from the Arctic circle survive?

Chinook + Tillamook Tribe

Name two tribes from the Pacific Northwest.

salmon fishing + fighting with other tribes for resources

How did people from the Pacific Northwest survive?

Sioux

Name a tribe from the Great Plains

sedentary farmers that grew grain

How did people from the Great Plains survive?

adopted horses and became nomadic hunters of buffalo

How did people from the Great Plains adapt after the Colombian Exchange?

The Pueblos + Anasazi

Name two tribes from the Southwest.

Irrigation systems

What did the Southwest tribes create in order to plant corn?

Adobe homes that were good for insulation and keeping heat out

What houses did the Southwest make and why?

on cliffs for protection from attacks

Where did the Anasazi build their homes and why?

Iroquois

Name a tribe from the Northeast.

rivers and game (animals)

What was in abundance in the northeastern tribes?

Nomadic hunters and gatherers

What jobs did the northeastern people do to get food?

slash and burn

What form of agricultural practice did the north eastern people practice?

nomadic

the northeastern people were ______; meaning they were not permanent settlers

eastern woodlands

what is another name for the people living in the northeastern region of America

Mississippians

Name a tribe from the Southeast.

earthen mounds

what was used to make burial grounds in the south east?

Cahokia

What is the major city that was developed in the Southeast by the Mississippians?

present day St Louis MO

Where was Cahokia located near?

squash, corn, beans

three sister farming included ____, ____, and _____

population

three sister farming helped support the growing _____

cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, creek, seminole

5 civilized tribes:

Algonquian, Iroquois, Muskogean

three main languages in the North American tribes

cultural practices, religion, language

The tribes were united by ______, ____, and ______

meal preparer and childcare

What place did women have in North American tribes?

Totem poles, polytheistic, animism

What religious practices did almost all North American tribes have?

2

What number represents where the Aztec lived?

1

What number represents where the Olmec lived?

3

What number represents where the Mayans lived?

4

What number represents where the Incas lived?

Powerless, nameless

Prior to 1492, the European explorers that had contact with American land before were _________ and ________.

Didn’t know

Most of Europe ________ about the Americas.

Decentralized; feudalism

Europe was _______ and under a government form called _____________ prior to the Age of Exploration.

Feudalism

a system of political organization (as in Europe during the Middle Ages) in which a vassal served a lord and received protection and land in return

1. Population Growth

2. Political Centralization (nation states)

3. Accumulation of Capital

4. New Technology

5. Crusades

6. Spice Trade

7. Marco Polo

List the 7 main causes for the Age of Exploration

Bubonic Plague (Black Death) of 1347

What had Europe recovered and developed immunity to?

Valois Dynasty

Name the dynasty ruling France at the time of the Age of Exploration

Tudor Dynasty

Name the dynasty ruling England at the time of the Age of Exploration

Habsburg Dynasty

Name the dynasty ruling Spain at the time of the Age of Exploration

Composite monarchies

France, England, Spain, and Portugal were all _______________ and recognized the same king in each country

Money, tools, buildings, machines

What are some examples of capital?

taxes, price in land due to population growth, increase in trade and profit

What were some causes for the rise in capital?

Triangle sails, astrolabe, and the compass

What new technology did Europe have access to that changed the game for exploration?

Distance from the equator (latitude)

What does the astrolabe measure?

Caravel ship

What ship utilized triangle sails and supported the long voyages of the Europeans?

1096, easily 300-400 years

The crusades started in what year? Lasted for how long?

Christian Europeans trying to reconquer the holy land of Palestine, Judah, and Turkey

Who were the crusaders?

Seljuk Turks

Who were the crusaders trying to beat?

7

How many crusade groups were there?

Banned Christian pilgrims

The Seljuk Turks ________ which led to the crusade revolt.

1. Read and speak Latin + Greek

2. Arabic Number System

3. Spices

What were some things the Muslim Seljuk Turks gave/introduced to the Europeans?

Renaissance

The introduction of the classical languages to the Europeans kickstarted the _______ and the urge for knowledge.

Indonesia, Bornea, Java, Celebes

Spices almost all came from the islands of ___________ including ______, ______, and _______.

Middle man; merchants

The abundance of _____ and _____ in the spice trade made spices very expensive.

Venice, Genoa

What two cities monopolized the spice trade and made spices even more expensive for Europeans?

Indonesia —> China —> Indians —> Arabs —> Egypt —> Italian city state —> European countries

What was the process spices took to reach the Europeans?

Bypass the middleman in the spice trade and find a direct water route to the East Indies

The main reason for exploration was to ______

Portugal

What country took the first initiative in the European Age of Exploration?

Prince Henry the Navigator

Who was the main reason Portugal was able to set its first voyage to the East Indies?

Build the mariners school and sponsored the voyage (paid for it)

What did Prince Henry the navigator do?

Cape Bird + Madeira island

What sugar islands did the Portuguese encounter on their voyage?

Plantation

What type of agriculture was discovered in the Atlantic on Portugal’s voyage to the East Indies?

Batholomieu Dias; Portugal

Who was the first to reach the African Tip and what country did he represent?

Cape of Storms — the waters there were stormy and violent

Cape of Hope — the cape gave hope that a path to the spices was possible and near

What were the two names that were given to the African tip? Why?

Vasco da Gama

Who, in 1497-98, went to the East Indies to retrieve spices for the first time for Portugal?

7000%

What percentage of profit did Portugal make on the spice trade?

Silver and gold was mass imported into Europe and decreased the value in money and caused inflation

What two materials kickstarted the Price revolution and how?

Caste system

Spain utilized the _________ which was a fixed hierarchy of the Renaissance Era

1. Peninsulares

2. Creole

3. Mestizo

4. Mulattoes

5. African Slaves

6. Native Americans

Name the ranks of the caste system

A legacy

What did Columbus want most?

Westward

Columbus thought you could sail _______ to the East Indies.

Getting lost, pirated, no food, no water, and scurvy

What were the dangers of a voyage?

Spice trade

Spain sponsored Columbus’s voyage so they could control the _______ from Portugal.

Aug/Sep 1492

When did Columbus begin is voyage?