MMW 13 Final (ALL TERMS)

For Professor Murillo's MMW 13 Final (MMW13)

Akbar I

* Ruler of the Mughal Empire (1555-1605)
* Appointed Sunnis and Shi’as and Hindu officials to his court
* Tolerant policies to bring people together
* Example of religious transformation, interaction and innovation

Absolutism

* Rise - Late 17th Century
* Drive towards state consolidation of power
* Ruler has political supremacy
* Growing centralization of the state
* Military Revolution
* Bureaucracies
* Collect Revenue
* Ex. King Narai of Siam
* Sultan Agung
* Most famous example: King Yeongjo of the Korean Choson Dynasty (1724-1776)
* Initiated fiscal reform
* Trade revival
* Ended factions

Asiento

* Royal slaving contracts: Granted monopoly trade privileges
* Subcontracted - Global activity
* Piezas de India: Spanish for “Piece of India” and equal to one slave
* One Piece: Healthy male teen

Atlantic Africa

* Local rulers and merchants sold Africans as slaves to Europeans
* Enslaved Africans were:
* War Captives
* Kidnapped/Slave Raiding
* Judicial Cases
* Merchant Networks
* Interior to Coast
* Slave markets existed in seven distinct regions of West/Central Africa
* West Central Africa and Bight of Benin
* 60% of total slave trade
* Demand and guns lead to more “wars” and more slaves
* Communities changed their lifeways to avoid slavers
* Utilized natural geography
* Relocated
* Constructed walls and lookouts

Beer Soup

* Carb heavy meal eaten by European peasants
* Ingredients were
* 1 bottle of white beer, cloves, 3.5 tbs of butter, 2 slices of rye bread and salt to taste
* Demonstrates how people went from drinking alcohol to drinking caffeine

Barbados (English Barbados)

* Sparks Caribbean Sugar Revolution
* 1640-1650 (one decade)
* Slave population grew immensely as a result of the boom in sugar production on plantations
* 1640: Few hundred slaves
* 1705: 46,000 slaves

Colonialism

* The practice of establishing colonies and expanding into new lands
* Metropole (Europeans)
* Exploits colony, controls trade, profits from colony’s resources, enriches metropole
* Colony
* Source of raw materials, captive market for finished goods, no domestic infrastructure unrelated to trade
* Example: Silver
* Labor: Forced, Tribute, Enslaved

Columbian Exchange

* Was a global trade network
* Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean
* Led to growth of silver stock in Europe
* Financial Revolution ensued
* Merchants
* State “companies”
* Spain and Portugal had a primary role in driving this global trade
* Portuguese king known as the “grocer king” for his role in trade of commodities
* Portuguese supplant Genoese traders, merchant bankers

Door of No Return

* After slaves were captured in Africa, they were essentially taken to a dungeon in the established fort (factory) nearby
* When they were ready to be taken to the New World, they went through the “Door of No Return”
* Called this because whoever went through the door would not go back home again (highly unlikely with chattel slavery)

Evolution of Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

* Created unprecedented proliferation of African chattel slavery (scale and nature)
* Exploited and caused untold suffering and misery to its victims
* Influenced the political evolution of societies and kingdoms in Africa
* Formed the basis of the “Atlantic System”
* Expanded beyond Iberia
* England and the Netherlands begin slaving activities between Africa and the Caribbean in 1562
* 1619: Slaves in Virginia
* 1713: British Asiento
* Peaked in the 18th century, powered by the plantation/trade complex
* Britain bans slavery but it continues in the British colonies
* In early 19th century, it will be prohibited further but takes the entire 19th century to fully “ban” it

Iberian Reconquest Model

* Full conquest of an area
* Permanent rule
* Sustained an intimate contact with the local population
* Imposition of Christianity on local population
* Substantial immigration

“Improvement”

* Europeans viewed empty land as needing to be controlled/improved, otherwise, you are using it wrong
* Exert one’s dominion over the land by clearing it, improving it for agriculture (crops/livestock)
* Viewed the indigenous’ “lack” of land usage as improper use of the land, used “Improvement” to justify European seizure of their land

Kingdom of Kongo

* Upheld slavery in Africa
* Mbanza Kongo
* The capital city of the Kingdom of Kongo
* Slave market (c. 14th century)
* Traditionally, foreign-born captives were enslaved and sold
* Kongo-Portugal contact in 1483
* Convert to Christianity
* Supply people for Portuguese slave traders
* Protect native “Kongolese”

Little Ice Age

* 1300-1870
* Unusually cold and dry weather
* Shortens growing season
* Experienced globally
* China: 1600s
* Severe social disruptions
* Droughts, floods and famines
* Earthquakes and plagues hit

Mediterranean Fort/Trade Model

* Factories (Forts)
* Traded with local populace
* Coastal
* Continued exploration
* Portuguese Fort/Factory
* Commercial trading post/fort
* Small garrison of Portuguese
* Permanent commercial presence
* Cost of conquest and occupation
* Increasingly enslave people as they establish more forts/trading posts from the Senegal River to Bight of Benin

Mercantilism

* BENEFITED/INVOLVES STATE
* Wealth created through trade rather than production
* Sell for more than you paid $$$ (Resource extraction and exploited labor prominent)

Merchant Capitalism

* INDIVIDUAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP
* Accumulate capital through movement of commodities (trade)
* Cheap to expensive markets
* Labor - forced and exploited (as usual)

Militarization of Southeast Asian Waters

* New Columbian State Dynamics
* Often initiated by SA powers
* Increase manpower and arms against external threats
* State Consolidation
* Guns & alliances
* Territorial expansion
* Administrative centralization
* Royal monopoly of product

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New Conquest History

* Role of disease
* technology (guns) still important
* But not as decisive
* Indigenous allies
* soldiers and in other capacities

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“New World” Crops China

* maize
* sweet potato
* peanuts

Pacific Trade

* Silver to Asia
* Exchange
* Silks
* Porcelains
* Spices

Plantation Trading Complex

* was an engine of trans-Atlantic slavery
* focused on key commodities, especially sugar and enslaved peoples
* two-thirds of Africans brought to Mediterranean and Atlantic to produce sugarcane
* second wave of colonialism= slave-driven empires

Protein-Rich crop theory

* Transition from hunting gathering to sedentism varies by region
* Middle East 11.000-9,000 BCE
* Protein rich crops (barley, wheat)
* people live off of this food
* Latin America 2,000 BCE
* maize- initially poor crop
* beans


* Sedentism
* Germs and resistance
* Weapons
* steel
* trial and error
* Europeans adapt from Middle East

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Repartimiento

* Seasonal draft labor
* Human carrier
* Mine labor
* Build roads

Science and Empire

* Colonies and institutions
* spread ideas
* expand knowledge
* Scientists: agents of empire
* Colonies: also sites of knowledge

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Second Colonial Wave

* WHO
* Dutch, English French (D.E.F.)
* WHY
* envy
* fear
* Militant Protestantism
* HOW
* Plantation/Trade Complex
* Shipbuilding industries
* North Atlantic Seaport
* Mariners and merchants
* Commerce
* wealth

Silver Production

* Provides bullion for purchase and trade
* Connects Asia directly to the Americas through Pacific exchange (c.1571)
* Influences political dynamics of Asian states
* Shapes cultural practices in Europe and America
* Driven by Amerindian labor

Seven Years’ War

* Global conflict involving the great powers of Europe
* Transition to modern era
* Global war about hegemony: Dominance over seas and sea born trade

Single Whip

* 1576
* Single tax paid in silver instead of rice
* sparks global demand for silver

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Spanish-Indigenous Alliances in the Americas

* Spaniards exploited discontented subjects or families
* Promised them rewards if they won
* Military and civilian (100,000s)
* rivalries
* concessions

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Indigenous Notions of Conquest

* Warfare chronic in Americas
* Indigenous conquistadores
* not simply allies

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Indigenous allies did not expect

* permanent sociopolitical subordination
* Spaniards to live among them
* to be homogenized as “Indians”
* religious beliefs persecuted and destroyed

Sugar Production

White Gold= Sugar

* most important commodity in Europe
* Molasses and rum
* 1/3 Europe’s economy
* Sugar production
* Labor intensive

Treaty of Alcacovas

* Official European dominion
* Right to divide and conquer
* No consent from indigenous peoples

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Scientific Expeditions

* Scientists travel globally
* Astronomical measurements
* Catalogue flora and fauna
* Physics experiments
* Spread, collect, and disseminate ideas
* including “pirates”