A1. Manifestations of Behavior

Psychopathology

Field concerned with the nature, development, and treatment of psychological disorders

Abnormal Psychology

Branch of psychology that studies unusual patterns of behaviors, emotions, and thought, which may or may not indicate an underlying condition

Psychological Disorders

Psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected

4 D's in Determining Psychological Disorders

Dysfunction, Distress, Deviance, & Dangerousness

Additional D's in Determining Psychological Disorders

Disability & Duration

Dysfunction

Breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning

Distress

Feeling upset and cannot function properly

Deviance

Deviates from what is culturally expected

Dangerousness

Can create potential harm to self or others

Disability

Impairment in some important area of life

Duration

How long the mental state has been persisting

Normal Behavior

Behavior that is like other people in society

3 Terms to describe normality

Social Conformity

Personal Comfort

Process

Indicators for Determining Abnormal Behavior

Subjective Distress, Maladaptiveness, Statistical Deviancy, Violation of the Standards of Society, Personal/Social Discomfort, Irrationality and Unpredictability, & Dangerousness

Presenting problem

Chief complaint of an individual

Clinical description

Represents the unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder

Diagnosis

Process of determining whether the particular problem afflicting the individual meets all criteria for a psychological disorder

Prevalence

How many people experience the disorder (# of active cases)

Incidence

How many cases occur during a given period (# of new cases)

Cause

How the disorder will progress

Causes can be classified as…

Chronic, Episodic, or Time-Limited

Chronic

Lifetime

Episodic

Likely to recover

Time-Limited

Limited duration

Onset

How the disorder developed

Onset can be…

Acute or Insidious

Acute

Means Sudden

Insidious

Means Gradual

Prognosis

Anticipated course of a disorder

Prognosis can be…

Good or Guarded

Good

High chance to recover

Guarded

Low chance to recover

Sign

Manifestation of disease that the physician receives

Symptoms

Subjective representation of the complaints of the patient

Syndrome

Group of symptoms that occur together more often by chance

Etiology

Study of the origins of why the disorder begins

Epidemiology

Study of the distribution of disease or health

Ego Syntonic

Actions align with the client’s personal goals, values, and beliefs

Ego Dystonic

Actions that are inconsistent with the client’s ego

Axis I of Multiaxial System

Mental Health and Substance Use Disorder (Clinical Disorder)

Axis II of the Multiaxial System

Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation

Axis III of the Multiaxial System

General medical conditions

Axis IV of the Multiaxial System

Psychosocial and Environmental Problems

Axis V of the Multiaxial System

Assessment of Overall Functioning (Global Assessment of Functioning)