Cytogenetics

Prelim Mock Exam

More or less 100,000

Approximately, how many genes are there in humans?

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Its primary transcript is a huge molecule of about 13,000 nucleotides.

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Its production is catalyzed by RNA polymerase II:

50% sons, 50% daughters

How will you counsel the following parents on the probability of producing abnormalities in their children?

0% sons, 100% daughters

How will you counsel the following parents on the probability of producing abnormalities in their children?

Prophase I

Identify the type of Cell Division & Phase

Autosomal Recessive Inheritance

genes for autosomal-recessive traits are also located on the autosomes

the presence of one normal allele is usually sufficient to prevent expression of disease.

S (synthetic) phase

At which phase in the Cell Cycle is the DNA duplicated?

Center for ribosomal RNA

Identify the pointed cell part:

Anaphase II

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Its production is catalyzed by RNA polymerase III

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

It carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm to act as a template for protein synthesis

6.7%

The concept that a couple have, to have 10 children before they would have 1 child identical to another, unless they are identical twins, is based on this percentage of heterososity

Gregor Johann Mendel

He established genetics as a new science

autosomal recessive inheritance

This type of Inheritance requires that the Individual have 2 copies of the trait to express the phenotype.

Heterozygous

Autosomal Dominant Traits are expressed in:

Adenine

Which of these is a Purine?

Cytogenetics

The science that involves the investigation of heredity at the cellular level:

Prophase

OO

Type O

Homozygous B

Type B

Homozygous A

Type A

Type AB & Type O Type AB & Type

0%

Type O & Heterozygous A Type O & Heterozygous

50%

Type O & Homozygous B Type O & Homozygous

0%

Made of phospholipid bilayer

Heterochromatin

It is the condensed inactive form of chromosome at the periphery of the nucleus

Microtubules

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Type AB

This blood type group provides a good example of co-dominant alleles.

Metaphase

Cytosol

the fluid suspension or undisolved portion in the cytoplasm

Golgi apparatus

Packaging Machinery of the cell

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

detoxification of toxic materials

astral rays

assist in orienting the MTOC at the pole

Nucleus

contains the genetic material of the cell

Microtubules

act as intracellular pathways

x-linked inheritance

There is lack of male-to-male transmission in this inheritance

To replace dead or dying cells,

To produce more cells to enlarge the organism (growth and development)

For Reproduction, i.e. to increase the number of unicellular organisms.

To increase the number of gametocytes (ova & spermatocytes)

These trigger the cell to begin a cell division event:

Law of Segregation

This law says, "The two alleles of a gene are never transmitted together from one parent to an offspring."

4

At the completion of Meiosis II, how many polar bodies are produced in total during Oogenesis?

nullizygous

if both alleles are missing.

Alleles

different forms of a trait; different forms of a trait

Phenotype

the external appearance of an organism caused by genotype.

homozygous

having two identical alleles of a particular gene or genes. having two identical alleles of a particular gene or genes.

Trait

Physical attributes expressed by genes and influenced by the environment, such as hair color, etc.

3

Each codon is composed of this number of consecutive nucleotides:

AA

Homozygous A

BO

Heterozygous B

AB

AB Group

100% sons, 100% daughters

How will you counsel the following parents on the probability of producing abnormalities in their children?

Anaphase

4n

In gametogenesis, when the germ cells are in the S phase of the cell cycle preceding meiosis, the amount of DNA is doubled to:

mitochondria are almost exclusively passed in the egg

A hallmark of mitochondrial inheritance is transmission from an affected woman to all of her children. Why?

UAA

UAG

UGA

These stop codons

Contain hydrolytic enzymes

Creationary Origin

Similarities or identical structures indicative of Creator’s prerogative.

Creationary Origin

Complete Genetic Information but has steadily declined over time via mutational degradation.

Evolutionary Origin

Residual evidence that multiple different organisms descended from common ancestors.

Evolutionary Origin

Human is Ape-Like Creature.

Evolutionary Origin

Genetic Information increased over time via DNA copying errors over millions of years.

50%

Heterozygous A & Homozygous B

50%

Heterozygous A & Heterozygous B

25%

Type AB & Heterozygous B

Mitosis = 2 daughter cells; Meiosis = 4 daughter cells

These are the correct numbers of daughter cells produced after each cell division:

0% sons, all carrier daughters

kinetochore

Spindle fibers attach to this region of the chromatid in preparation for migration.

Cytogenetics

The only clinical laboratory test to be able to survey the genetic cellular constitution of an individual:

2nd Day

firmament

3rd Day

water, dry land, grass, herb-yielding seed, fruit tree

4th Day

Sun, moon, & Stars

5th Day

marine creatures; sky creature

6th Day

earth living creatures; man & woman

7th Day

Creator rested & blessed the day

Uracil

It replaces thymine in RNA:

Pachytene

The phase when chiasmata are formed as random exchange of genetic material occurs between homologous Chromosomes

50% sons, half carrier daughters

starts from evening (sunset)

Originally, the correct accounting of one DAY is:

Zygotene

The phase wherein the homologous pairs of chromosomes approximate each other and make synapses via synaptonemal complex, forming a tetrad.

Karyokinesis

It refers to nuclear division.

Alfred Sturtevant

He showed that genes are arranged linearly on the chromosome

Blood Bank

deals with blood transfusion deals with blood transfusion

Hematology

counts the different blood cells counts the different blood cells

Serology / Immunology

deals with antigen antibody testing in Infectious diseases deals with antigen antibody testing in Infectious diseases

Type AB

This blood type group system provides a good example of co-dominant alleles.

Phosphodiester bonds

Nucleotides are linked to one another by these bonds formed between the sugar molecules:

Gregor Johann Mendel

He observed that organisms inherit traits via discrete units of inheritance

fathers cannot pass X-link traits to their sons

A son of a father with an X-linked dominant trait is worried of inheriting the same condition. Which is the best scientific explanation to give?

the last & most accurate test to be done

“Gold Standard” test means:

Euchromatin

Under the electron microscope, it looks like “beads on a string”

fibrillar region of the nucleolu

pars fibrosa

rRNA are synthesized in:

Law of Independent assortment

In this Law, “Alleles of different genes are passed randomly to offspring.”