IQ1 Reproduction

Module 1

 Two methods of reproduction 

 

 

 

Sexual  

• Involves two parents  

• Mixing of genes  

• Offspring are unique  

Asexual  

• Involves only one parent  

• Offspring genetically identical clones

• bacteria, plants, some animals  

 

two types of sexual reproduction in animals

Internal: union of gametes and development of offspring inside the female reproductive tract. 

External:  union of gametes and development of offspring outside the body.  e.g ocean  

 

Internal vs External fertilization (advantages and disadvantages 

Types of Fertilization	Advantages	Disadvantages
Internal	Higher fertilization success (gametes protected inside body)   Increased offspring survival (embryos develop in a controlled environment)	More energy required and complex mating behaviors   Fewer offspring produced   Risk of disease transition during mating.
External	Less energy required   Larger numbers of offspring   Quicker	Lower chance of fertilization success ( many gametes lost)   High risk of predation on eggs and sperm   Embryos exposed to environment changes

Gametes

Gametes are sex cells sperm and egg witch are haploid ( 23 half the number of chromosomes)  because they combine with the other half to make diploid (full set) 46 called Zygote

what does fusion of gametes produce

zygote which is a diploid cell ( contains full 46

What happens during fertilization?

A haploid sperm fuses with a haploid egg to form a diploid zygote with 46 chromosomes. which then undergoes mitosis creating a new individual.

types of reproduction advantages and disadvantages

Type of Reproduction	Advantages	Disadvantages

Asexual Reproduction

- Only one parent needed → no mate required - Faster and more energy-efficient - Can produce many offspring quickly - Offspring are genetically identical → traits are preserved

- No genetic variation → all offspring are identical, so less ability to adapt to environmental changes - If the parent has a disease, all offspring may be affected - Can lead to overpopulation in a short time

Sexual Reproduction

- Produces genetic variation, increasing adaptability - Offspring inherit traits from both parents - Can help remove harmful mutations over generations

- Requires two parents → finding a mate can take time and energy - Slower process, fewer offspring produced at a time - More energy and resources required to produce gametes and care for offspring

Which type of reproduction increases genetic variation?

Sexual reproduction.

what are the Male parts of plant called and what do then consist of.

the male parts are called the Stamen and consist of the Anther- A fluffy structure that

produces pollen -  which is the sperm of plant.  

filament – stalk which supports the anther.  

what is the anther

the anther is male and is a fluffy structure that produces pollen - the sperm of the plant

what is the filament

male stalk that supports anther 

What are female parts of plants called

pistil and contain Stigma – called the sticky stigma so pollen can stick to it  

• Style – supports stigma  

• ovary - which is where fertilization occurs and where seeds are formed  

• it will ripen into a fruit 

what is the stigma

the stigma is in the female section of plant and is sticky so that pollen can easily stick to it.

what is the style

Female part that supports stigma

what are the ovaries of plant

• which is where fertilization occurs and where seeds are formed  

• it will ripen into a fruit 

What is pollination?

Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the male part of a plant to the female part, allowing fertilization to occur.

Where does pollination occur in flowering plants?

pollen is transferred from the anther (male) to the stigma (female) of a flower.

Where does pollination occur in conifers and what is conifers

conifers are none flowering pants and pollination occurs in their cone

what is Spore formation 

a form of asexual reproduction plant releases spores, which are reproductive cells that can develop into a new organism. 

• Spores are usually released into the air or water and can survive harsh conditions. 

• Example: Mushrooms release spores from their gills. 

what is budding

• a form of asexual reproduction A new organism develops as a small growth (bud) on the parent and eventually detaches. 

• Common in yeast. 

Fragmentation 

a form of asexual reproduction Fragmentation in multicellular or colonial organisms is a form of asexual reproduction or cloning, where an organism is split into fragments upon maturation and the split part becomes the new individual e.g starfish 

Binary fusion 

the process of asexual reproduction in which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. This process is used by prokaryotic organisms like bacteria and is a much simpler and faster method than the mitosis seen in eukaryotes

Runners

a form of asexual reproduction where Horizontal stems that grow above ground and produce new plants at their node (a point where buds and roots can form) They allow plants like strawberries and spider plants to spread 

Bulbs

a form of asexual reproduction A form of vegetative propagation where a new, genetically identical plant grows from a bud at the base of a parent bulb. It consists of a short stem and a cluster of fleshy leaves that store food for the new plant. e.g onion

Stem tubers

a form of asexual reproduction Modified stems that store nutrients, allowing a plant to reproduce asexually through vegetative propagation. New plants can be grown by planting the entire stem tuber, which has buds that will sprout into a new shoot (leaves and stems) and roots. E.g potatoes and yams