INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS

Hydrogen Bonding

A special dipole-dipole interaction between the hydrogen atom in a polar bond (N-H, O-H, or F-H) and an electronegative atom (O, N, or F).

Dipole-Dipole Forces

Attractive forces between polar molecules.

London Dispersion Forces

Weakest intermolecular force; attractions between non-polar molecules due to temporary dipoles.

Surface Tension

The amount of energy required to stretch or increase the surface of a liquid by a unit area, influenced by intermolecular forces.

Cohesion

Intermolecular attraction between like molecules.

Adhesion

Attraction between unlike molecules.

Viscosity

A measure of a fluid's resistance to flow.

Ion-Dipole Forces

Attractive forces between an ion and a polar molecule.

Intermolecular Forces (IMF)

Forces of attraction or repulsion that occur between molecules affecting the physical properties of substances.

Crystalline Solid

A solid with a rigid and long-range order where atoms, molecules, or ions occupy specific positions.

Amorphous Solid

A solid without a well-defined arrangement and long-range molecular order.

Unit Cell

The basic repeating structural unit of a crystalline solid.

Covalent Crystals

Solids held together by covalent bonds, characterized by high melting points and poor electrical conductivity.

Metallic Crystals

Solids characterized by metallic bonds, which allow them to conduct heat and electricity.

Molecular Crystals

Solids held together by intermolecular forces, typically soft with low melting points.

Freezing Point

The temperature at which liquids turn into solid when cooled.

Boiling Point

The temperature in which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the pressure surrounding the liquid.

Vapor Pressure

The force exerted by a vapor during the vaporization of a liquid.

______ is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow.

Viscosity.

A solid without a well-defined arrangement and long-range molecular order is called ______.

Amorphous Solid.

Attractive forces between unlike molecules are known as ______.

Adhesion.

The temperature at which liquids turn into solid when cooled is called the ______.

Freezing Point.

The weakest intermolecular force, attractions between non-polar molecules due to temporary dipoles, is referred to as ______.

London Dispersion Forces.

Forces of attraction or repulsion that occur between molecules are collectively known as ______.

Intermolecular Forces (IMF).

Attractive forces between polar molecules are called ______ forces.

Dipole-Dipole.

The basic repeating structural unit of a crystalline solid is called a ______.

Unit Cell.

Solids held together by covalent bonds are known as ______ crystals.

Covalent.

The temperature in which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the pressure surrounding it is called the ______ point.

Boiling.