Period 4 (1800-1848) Antebellum Period - AP US History

Federalists

Political party that formed in the 1790s led by Alexander Hamilton; Favored a stronger federal government and Hamilton's financial plan.

Democrat-Republicans

Political party formed in the 1790's; Led by Thomas Jefferson; Favored limited government and states rights.

Election of 1800

A.K.A. "Revolution of 1800"; Peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist party to the Democratic-Republican Party.

midnight judges

Federalist judges appointed by John Adams between the time he lost the election of 1800 and the time he left office in March 1801; Significantly included John Marshall

John Marshall

Appointed to the Supreme Court by John Adams in 1801; Served as a chief justice until 1835; Legal decisions gave the Supreme Court more power, strengthened the federal government, and protected private property.

Supreme Court Justices

Nine judges who serve lifetime appointments on the Supreme Court; Nominated by the president; Approved by the Senate.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Supreme Court decision that established the principle of judicial review

judicial review

Check-and-balance power of the Supreme Court to judge the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress and actions taken by the executive branch.

Louisiana Territory

Land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Territory in western United States purchased from France

Mississippi River

The most significant transportation route within the United States; Ends at the port of New Orleans.

New Orleans

A strategic outpost on the mouth of the Mississippi River

Lewis and Clark

Two explorers sent by the president to explore the Louisiana territory

Corps of Discovery

The expedition led by Lewis and Clark in 1804-1806 that explored the Louisiana territory and the Oregon lands extending to the West Coast.

Impressment of sailors

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

embargo

A ban on trade

Embargo Act (1807)

Jefferson issued a government-order ban on international trade in order to pressure Britain and France to respect neutral trading rights

declaration of war

The power of Congress to vote to go to war with another country; First declared in 1812 against Great Britain.

War of 1812

(1812-1815) Between the U.S. and Great Britain caused primarily by the British violation of American neutral rights on the high seas; Ended with an agreement of "status quo ante"; Facilitated American Nationalism; Sometimes called "Second American Revolution"

The Star-Spangled Banner

National anthem of the US; Written during the War of 1812.

Battle of New Orleans (1815)

Last major battle of the War of 1812; Made General Andrew Jackson a national hero

Andrew Jackson

General who led American forces in Battle of New Orleans; Later Seventh President of the United States

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo.

Hartford Convention (1814)

Meeting of Federalists during the War of 1812 in which anti-war Federalist threatened to secede from the Union; After Jackson's victory at New Orleans, Federalists were seen as treasonous.

nationalism

Identity with and devotion to the nation, inspiring unity

Henry Clay

Leader of the Whig Party who proposed an "American System" to make the United States economically self-sufficient; Worked to keep the Union together through political compromise.

American System

Henry Clay's proposal to make the U.S. economically self-sufficient: (1) protective tariffs (2) internal improvements at federal expense (3) creation of a second Bank of the United States

Tariff of 1816

first protective tariff in US history designed primarily to help America's textile industry

Second Bank of the United States

Privately owned bank that operated as both a commercial and fiscal agent for the US government; Established in 1816 under a charter that was supposed to last 20 years

Era of Good Feelings

The decline of the Federalist Party and the end of the war of 1812 gave rise to a time of relative political unity.

"peculiar institution"

Slavery, unique to the south

Cotton Belt

Seep south area that stretched from South Carolina to Georgia to the new states in the southwest frontier; Had the highest concentration of slaves

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Law proposed by Henry Clay admitting Missouri to the U.S. as a slave state and Maine as a free state

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of the B.U.S.; Maryland did not have the right to tax the federal bank and John Marshall wrote, "The power to tax is the power to destroy."

loose construction

Of the Constitution Marshall said "intended to endure for ages to come and, consequently, to be adapted to the crises of human affairs."

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Decided that Congress alone has the right to control interstate commerce

Florida

Sold to US at Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

Monroe Doctrine

Unilateral declaration that the Americas would be closed to further European colonization stated the U.S. would not allow European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere

John Quincy Adams

As Secretary of State he was author of Adams-Onis Treaty (Florida Purchase) and Monroe Doctrine; Later 6th President of the United States and antislavery advocate.

mass democracy

Expansion of voting rights; Universal white male suffrage

property qualifications for voting rights

States eliminated these in favor of a system of voting by all white men

spoils system

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends; A symbol of expanding democracy where common men can hold government jobs.

tariff

tax on imports

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

High rates exposed North-South tensions

Southern economy

Consumers of manufactured goods with little manufacturing industry; Hostile to tariff

Northern economy

Based on manufacturing; Favor strong national government and protective tariff

South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828)

Written by Vice President Calhoun of South Carolina to protest the the "Tariff of Abominations", which favored Northern industry; Proposed states could nullify Federal laws like the tariff

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina political leader who defended slavery as a positive good and advocated the doctrine of nullification, a policy in which state could nullify federal law.

Nullification Crisis (1832)

After South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void, President Jackson obtained a Force Bill to use military actions against South Carolina - ended with a compromise to lower tariffs over an extended time

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Law that transplanted all Indian tribes to the west of the Mississippi River

Trail of Tears

Forced migration of Native American nations from the Southeastern United States to Indian Reservations west of the Mississippi River; Following the passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830

second party system

The new political arrangement caused by Andrew Jackson; Disagreed about the role and powers of the federal government and issues such as the national bank, tariffs, and federally funded internal improvements.

Bank War (1832)

Battle between President Andrew Jackson and Congressional supporters of the Bank of the United States over the bank's renewal in 1832. Jackson vetoed the Bank Bill, arguing that the bank favored moneyed interests at the expense of western farmers.

Panic of 1837

Economic collapse caused primarily by President Jackson's destruction of the Second Bank of the United States

Texas Revolution (1836)

Texans declare independence from Mexico with help from Americans; Form the independent Republic of Texas

Alamo

A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force.

Democrats

Succeeded the Jeffersonian Democrat-Republicans; Brought Andrew Jackson into office in 1828; Supported Jeffersonian ideas of limited government, drawing its support from the "common man".

Whigs

New party along Federalists vein; Anti-Jackson and dedicated to internal improvements funded by the national government; Led by Henry Clay.

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

John Marshall ruled that the state of Georgia did not have the power to remove Indians

rugged individualism

Belief that success comes through individual strength of effort and private enterprise

Irish immigrants

Push factor: famine; Pull factor: American cities on the East coast

Tammany Hall

Political machine (corrupt) based in New York that capitalized on Irish immigrants for votes

German immigrants

Push factor: crop failures, autocratic government; Pull factor: democracy, interior midwest farmland

nativist movement

Those who opposed immigration; Fear that an influx of foreigners would undermine American culture, weaken the status of American workers, and destabilize American politics

Know-Nothing Party

A nativist movement formed in 1849 that opposed Irish and German immigration

Industrial Revolution

An event that results in the complete transformation of the economy, environment, and living conditions; Development of manufacturing; Fueled by technological improvements, capital, and immigrant labor.

industrialization

The process of becoming a developed manufacturing economy

mechanization

The application of machinery to manufacturing and other activities. Among the first processes to be mechanized were the production of textiles.

cotton gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers; Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793; Led to increased reliance on slave labor in the South and a manufacturing resource for the North.

textile

A fabric made by weaving, used in making clothing

Samuel Slater

Known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution"; brought British textile technology to the United States

steam engines

A way to more efficiently generate power; Drove early industrialization

interchangeable parts

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing; Invented by Eli Whitney and first applied to firearms; Basis of modern, mass-production assembly-line methods of manufacturing.

telegraph

Invented by Samuel Morse; Revolutionized communication

factory girls

They labored long hours in difficult conditions, living in socially new conditions away from farms and families; Employed in Lowell and other manufacturing centers.

Lowell system

Method of factory management that evolved in the textile mills of Massachusetts; First example of a planned automated factory

cult of domesticity

Women's role in the home (raising children, taking care of the house); The centrality and increasing importance of women in decisions made at home.

mechanical reaper

Machine invented by Cyrus McCormick that could harvest grain quickly; An agricultural invention that increased the efficiency of production.

internal improvements

Roads, turnpikes, bridges, canals, railroads; Built by states and the federal government.

turnpikes

Toll roads that first began to be constructed in the 1790s; The first infrastructure of the Transportation Revolution; E.g. Lancaster Turnpike, Cumberland Road (National Road).

National Road (1811)

A.K.A. Cumberland Road; First significant road built in the US at the expense of the federal government; stretched from the Potomac River to the Ohio River.

canals

an artificial waterway constructed to allow the passage of boats or ships inland or to convey water for irrigation; E.g. Erie Canal

Erie Canal

Built by the state of New York (without Federal assistance); Stretched from Buffalo to Albany.

transportation revolution

1790s-1850s; Roads (turnpikes), steamships, canals, and railroads facilitated Western settlement and the market revolution.

Pony Express

A system of messengers on horseback established in 1860 to carry mail across the United States.

market revolution

Changes in the economic structure wherein people begin to buy, sell, and mass manufacture goods rather than barter or make them at home.

Deism

Liberal, rational religious philosophy of Washington, Jefferson, Franklin, and other founders.

Second Great Awakening

An upsurge in religious activity that began around 1800 and was characterized by emotional revival meetings; Led to several reform movements (abolitionism, temperance, women's rights) designed to implement the idea of human perfectibility and equality.

Evangelical Christianity

An active and emotional trans-denominational Christian movement that emphasizes the authority of the Bible, salvation through belief in Christ, and conversion ("born again" experience); Came to prominence after the First and Second Great Awakenings and continued to be influential in social and political affairs into the 20th century.

Burned-Over District

Area of New York State along the Erie Canal that was constantly aflame with revivalism and reform; As wave after wave to fervor broke over the region, groups such as the Mormons, Shakers, and Millerites found support among the residents.

Charles Grandison Finney

Revivalist minister who is known as the "Father of modern Revivalism"; advocated for temperance, the abolition of slavery, and equal education for women and African Americans.

Mormons

A.K.A. Latter-Day Saints; Church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 (Second Great Awakening) with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah; Western pioneers.

education reform

Horace Mann was a major proponent

Reform Movements of the 1830s

Abolitionism, Women's Rights, Temperance, education reform, prison reform

social movement

A group of people who aim to improve their social situation by reforming government and changing people's thinking and actions

temperance

Restraint or moderation, especially in regards to alcohol or food

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

The first convention in America for women right's held in NY; Issued "Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions"

"Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions" (1848)

Drafted at the Seneca Falls Convention; Outlines the case for the right to vote for women, as well as other rights denied to women at the time.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Advocate of women right's, including the right to vote; organized (with Lucretia Mott) the first women's rights convention at Seneca Falls, NY in 1848.

Utopian communities

Idealistic societies in the reform era; Based on the belief that a perfect society could be created on Earth; E.g. Book Farm in Massachusetts, Oneida Community in New York