Unit 2 Test

Patient Bill of Rights

15 guarantees for all patients seeking medical care and basic rights/responsibilities for effective patient care

HIPAA

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996

OSHA

Occupational Safety and Health Act

-requires employers to provide a safe, healthful workplace

-achieved through standards, training, outreach, education, and assistance

CSA

Controlled Substances Act

-federal law regulating manufacture and distribution of controlled substances

-includes narcotics, depressants, stimulants

-classifies drugs based on abuse potential and medical use

CLIA

Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act

-regulates all labs for safety and specimen handling

-ensures accuracy and timelines of testing

-FDA authorizes and enforce CLIA

Title VII of Civil Rights Act of 1964

-applies to employers with 15+ employees

-prohibits discrimination by race, national origin, gender, religion

-Pregnancy Discrimination Act (1978)- protects against pregnancy-related discrimination

ADA

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

-prohibits discrimination against qualified applicants/employees with disabilities

-requires reasonable accommodations unless they cause undue burden to employer

Implied Consent

based on patient’s actions or conduct, not words

Expressed Consent

given orally or in writing

Informed Consent

ensures patient/guardian knows, understand, and accepts treatment

Malpractice

any treatment by a medical professional that does not follow the standards of care

Tort

“wrong” or a harmful act committed by one individual to another

Negligence

when a patient does not receive adequate and appropriate care, which leads to suffering and harm

Advanced Directive

written instructions for care if a patient is too sick or injured to speak for themselves meant to guide the provider, family and healthcare team

Living Will

legal paper that says what treatments a patient wants or does not want and when

Durable Power of Attorney

legal paper that names a healthcare agent (proxy) to make medical choices if the patient can’t speak or decide; allows more specific instructions than a living will

DNR

Do Not Resuscitate

-legal paper that says a patient does not want CPR or advanced life support if their heart or breathing stops

Anatomy

the study of body parts and their locations

Physiology

the study of how body parts work and what they do

Sagittal Plane

divides the body into left and right sides

Transverse Plane

divides the body into upper and lower sections, not necessarily equal

Frontal Plane

Also called coronal plane, divides the body into anterior and posterior sections

Cranial Cavity

within the skull, houses the brain

Spinal Cavity

within the spine, spinal cord, nerves

Thoracic Cavity

within the chest; heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland, large blood vessels

Abdominal Cavity

within the abdomen; stomach, small and large intestines (most of large), liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, adrenal glands

Pelvic Cavity

below abdominal cavity; bladder, reproductive organs, rectum, lower large intestine, appendix

Integumentary System

-largest organ

-hair, nails, and glands = accessory organs

Skeletal System

-gives the body structure and posture

-protects soft internal organs

-provides attachment points for muscles

Muscular System

-responsible for movement, voluntary and involuntary

-heart muscle made of specialized fibers that allow it to function as a pump

-muscles and skeleton work together to provide body with structure and movement

Skeletal Muscle

responsible for body movement; also called voluntary muscle or striated muscle

Smooth Muscle

found within the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels, and in the iris of the eye; also called the involuntary muscle

Cardiac Muscle

found only in the heart; cross-fibered to allow the heart to contract from the top and bottom to pump blood

Immune and Lymphatic System

-helps stop infections

-When a germ (pathogen) is found, defenses are activated

Cardiovascular System

-pumps blood through the body

-blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells

-blood removes cell waste

Urinary System

-filters blood to remove waste

-waste + water = urine

-kidneys make urine

-bladder stores urine until elimination

Gastrointestinal System

-starts with the mouth (oral cavity)

-digestion keeps the body in balance (homeostasis)

-water and nutrients are needed for body, organs, tissue, and cell function

Respiratory System

-moves air in and out of lungs

-works with cardiovascular to bring oxygen throughout the body through blood and removes CO2

Nervous System

-controls all other body systems

-central nervous system (CNS) - brain and spinal cord

-peripheral nervous system (PNS) - nerves throughout the body

Endocrine System

-made of organs and glands that make, store, and release hormones

-hormones control growth, metabolism, mood, reproduction, and body functions

-main glands/organs: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, hypothalamus

Reproductive System

male and female systems work together for fertilization and producing offspring

Varicella (chickenpox)

direct/indirect contact with droplets or airborne secretions

Viral Meningitis

direct contact, respiratory secretions, oral-fecal route

Bacterial Meningitis

direct contact, respiratory drops

Conjunctivitis (pink eye)

direct/indirect contact with eye discharge or respiratory secretions

Rhinovirus (common cold)

direct/indirect contact with airborne or respiratory drops

Strep Throat

direct contact, respiratory drops

Pertussis (whooping cough)

direct contact, respiratory drops Influ

Influenza (flu)

direct contact, respiratory drops

Viruses

rhinorvirus, chicken pox, HIV/AIDs, hepatitis, covid

Bacteria

E. coli (urinary tract infections), cholera, whooping cough

Fungi

histoplasmosis (lung infection from bird/bat droppings), athlete’s foot, yeast infection

Parasites

toxoplasmosis, pinworm, tapeworm, scabies, lice, lyme disease

Infection Cycle

transmission of a pathogen

Infectious agents

bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, protozoa, metazoa, ectoparasites, Rickettsia

Reservoir/Source

-place where conditions are ripe for replication

-can be a person or an object

Portal of Exit

-how the pathogen departs the reservoir to another by way of body openings

-microorganisms leave the reservoir through the discharge of body secretions, excretions, respiratory drops, and body fluids

-make either direct or indirect contact with another host

Means of Transmission

-how the infectious agent travels through the portal of exit to a susceptible individual

-can occur through direct or indirect contact

Portals of Entry

-mouth, nose, throat, ears, and eyes

-intestinal, urinary, and reproductive tract

-open wounds and breaks in the skin

Susceptible Host

-a person who the pathogen can infect

-has low ability to fight disease

-causes may include poor health, nutrition, or hygiene

-higher risk: elderly, frail, immunosuppressed, chronic illness, or recent trauma

Incubation stage

interval time between exposure: time between exposure to flu virus and first symptoms (about 1-4 days)

Prodromal stage

initial stage: early signs like mild fatigue, sore throat, or low fever

Acute stage

peak stage: peak illness, high fever, body aches, cough, chills

Declining stage

Symptoms begin to subside: fever lowers, cough lessens, energy slowly returns

Convalescent stage

recover and recuperation: recovery phase, body repairs and regains full stage

Signs

what we can see

Symptoms

What the patient tells us

Universal Precautions

applying precautions if there is possible contact with: blood products, human tissue, body fluids, and fluid visibly contaminated with blood, and vaginal secretions/semen

Medical Asepsis

reduces microorganisms by: handwashing before/after patient care, wipe down workplaces between patients, use PPE for bodily fluids, clean supplies properly, separate clean and dirty areas in lab, cover coughs/sneezes and wash hands

Surgical Asepsis

eliminates microorganisms from entering the body

Sanitization

-clean equipment instruments to reduce microbes

-prepare items for disinfection or sterilization

-remove debris

-always wear gloves

-sanitization lowers the number of microorganisms to a safe level, but may not eliminate them all

Disinfection

-destroys or inactivates pathogens on surfaces and instruments

-does not kill all spores or certain viruses

-reduces infection spread by limiting microbial activity

-disinfection destroys most of the harmful microorganisms and pathogens on surfaces

SDS

-Safety Data Sheets required by OSHA to be accessible to all employees

-New chemicals must include SDS info

-Standard format for quick reference in emergencies

-Keep binder in central location/digital access