Unit 9 Chem: Solutions, Acids, and Bases

suspension

a heterogeneous mixture that separates into layers over time

dispersed phase

the substance that is spread throughout another substance in a mixture

dispersion medium (continuous phase)

solid, liquid, or gas in which colloidal particles are dispersed

sol colloid

solid dispersed through liquid (paint, mud)

gel colloid

solid network extending throughout liquid (gelatin)

liquid emulsion colloid

liquid dispersed in a liquid (milk, mayonnaise)

foam colloid

gas dispersed in liquid (shaving cream, whipped cream)

solid aerosol colloid

solid dispersed in gas (smoke, airborne particulate matter, auto exhaust)

liquid aerosol colloid

liquid dispersed in gas (fog, mist, clouds, aerosol spray)

solid emulsion colloid

liquid dispersed in solid (cheese, butter)

tyndall effect

scattering of light by colloidal particles dispersed in a transparent medium

solvent

the dissolving medium in a solution

solute

the substance dissolved in a solution

gas-gas solution

oxygen in nitrogen

gas-liquid solution

carbon dioxide in water

liquid-liquid solution

alcohol in water

liquid-solid solution

mercury in silver and tin

solid-liquid solution

sugar in water

solid-solid solution

copper in nickel

gaseous solutions

a type of solution where the solvent is a gas

liquid solutions

a type of solution where the solvent is a liquid

solid solutions

a type of solution where the solvent is a solid

colloid

a heterogeneous mixture whose particles never settle

Are solutions homogeneous or heterogeneous?

homogeneous

Are colloids homogeneous or heterogeneous?

heterogeneous

Are suspensions homogeneous or heterogeneous?

heterogeneous

How big are the particles in solutions? What type of particles?

0.01-1 nm; can be atoms, ions, molecules

How big are the particles in colloids? What type of particles?

1-1000 nm, dispersed; can be aggregates or large molecules

How big are the particles in suspensions? What type of particles?

over 1000 nm, suspended; can be large particles or aggregates

Do particles for solutions settle?

No

Do particles for colloids settle?

No

Do particles for suspensions settle?

Yes

Can solutions be separated by filtration?

No

Can colloids be separated by filtration?

No

Can suspensions be separated by filtration?

Yes

Do solutions scatter light?

No

Do colloids scatter light?

Yes (Tyndall effect)

Do suspensions scatter light?

May scatter light, but are not transparent

Electrolyte

A substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that conducts electric current

Nonelectrolyte

A substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that does not conduct an electric current

Miscible liquids

liquids that can dissolve in one another

Immiscible liquids

Liquids that do not dissolve in one another

hydration

solution process with water as the solvent

Why are ions hydrophilic?

ions have a charge, either positive or negative, which allows them to interact with the polar molecules of water

hydrated ions

Ions surrounded by water molecules in solution

factors that affect dissolving

increasing the surface area of the solute, agitating a solution, heating a solvent

unsaturated solution

a solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution under the existing conditions

saturated solution

a solution that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute

supersaturated solution

a solution that contains more dissolved solute than a saturated solution under the existing conditions

saturation point

the stage at which no more of a solute can be dissolved into a solution

solution equilibrium

the physical state in which the opposing processes of dissolution and crystallization of a solute occur at equal rates

solubility

the physical state in which the opposing processes of dissolution and crystallization of a solute occur at equal rates

How to calculate percent concentration by volume

% volume = volume of solute (mL)/volume of solution (mL) x 100

How to calculate percent concentration by mass

% mass = mass of solute (g)/mass of solution (g) x 100

concentration of a solution

the amount of solute present in a given quantity of solvent or solution

How to calculate molarity of a solution

Molarity (M) = amount of solute (mol)/volume of solution (L)

dilute solution

a solution that contains a small amount of solute

concentrated solution

a solution containing a large amount of solute

Molarity

the number of moles of solute in one liter of solution

The most common unit of concentration

Molarity (M)

Missing dilution equation

M1V1 = M2V2