AP Hugo unit 2 part 1

antinatalist policies

designed to curtail population growth by reducing fertility rates

pronatalist policies

designed to boost fertility rates and ultimately population growth

women's status

The degree of equality between men and women with respect to access to and control over both physical and social resources in the family, community, or society at large

women's empowerment

The increased autonomy of women to make choices and shape their lives

aging population

A population of a country or place that ages as the number or proportion of its elderly people increases

median age

The age that divides a population into two halves so that one half is younger than this age and the other half older

life expectancy

the number of years a person can expect to live from birth

Demographic Transition Model

a model of how the size of a population changes as a country develops its economy

Stage 1: High Stationary

Both high birth & high death rate.

Stage 2: Early Expanding

Birth rate remains high. Death rate is falling. Population begins to rise steadily.

Stage 3: Late Expanding

Birth rate starts to fall. Death rate continues to fall. Population rising.

Stage 4: Low Stationary

Both a low birth & death rate

Stage 5: Natural Decrease

Birth rate falls below death rate

Epidemiology

Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.

Epidemiological Transition Model

The theory that says that there is a distinct cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition model. It can help explain how a country's population changes so dramatically.

Phase 1: Age of pestilence and famine

When mortality is high and fluctuating, thus precluding sustained population growth

Phase 2: Age of Receding Pandemics

Not as many outbreaks or pandemics; Medical technology is becoming more advanced

Phase 3: Age of Degenerative and Man-Made Diseases

Chronic diseases dominating

Phase 4: Age of Delayed Degenerative Diseases

The age at which degenerative diseases become lethal is postponed to such an extent that life expectancy is propelled higher than ever before.

degenerative disease

A disease that causes a breakdown of the body cells, tissues, and organs as it progresses

Anthropocene

The period in which human activities have had the dominant influence on the environment

demography

The statistical study of population and its change

population distribution

The pattern in which humans are spread out on Earth's surface

Eurasia

A massive piece of land on Earth that consists of Europe, with just under 10 percent of the human population, and Asia, which accounts for almost 60 percent of humanity

ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface with permanent human settlement

population clusters

Heavily populated areas that illustrate the unevenness in global population distribution; geographers have identified four population clusters on Earth South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe

metacity

A city with more than 20 million residents

megacity

A city with more than 10 million residents

developed (or industrialized) country

A country with an advanced economy and a high standard of living

developing (or industrializing) countries

Countries that are of relatively low income or economically poorer than developed countries

Snow Belt

States located in the northern and midwestern parts of the country

Sunbelt

States in coastal areas and the South and Southwest

mean center of population

The balancing point given the distribution of population

population density

The average number of people per unit of land area

arithmetic (crude) density

The average number of people per unit of land area (usually per square mile or kilometer)

physiological density

The average number of people per unit area (a square mile or kilometer) of arable land

arable land

Land suitable for cultivation

agricultural density

The number of farmers per unit of arable land

carrying capacity

The number of people a particular environment or Earth as a whole can support on a sustainable basis

human well-being

The state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy.

demographic equation

The method for calculating total population of a country or place based on natural increase and migration over a period of time (usually a year).

crude birth rate (CBR)

The average number of births per 1000 people; the traditional way of measuring birth rates

low birth rate

A crude birth rate between 10 and 20 births per 1000 people

transitional birth rate

A crude birth rate between 20 and 30 per 1000 people

high birth rate

A crude birth rate of more than 30 per 1000 people

total fertility rate (TFR)

The average number of children born per woman during her reproductive lifetime, considered to be from 15 to 49 years of age

replacement level fertility

The average number of children needed to replace both parents and stabilize population over time

gender roles

Culturally specific notions of what it means to be a man or woman

crude death rate (CDR) or mortality rate

The number of deaths per year per 1000 people

infant mortality rate (IMR)

A measure of how many infants die within the first year of their life per 1000 live births

child mortality

Deaths of children under five years of age

rate of natural increase (RNI)

The difference between the number of births and deaths in a given year, when expressed as a percentage of total population

zero population growth (ZPG)

When a country has the same number of births and deaths in a given year, its RNI is zero

doubling time

The number of years it takes for a population to double in size

rule of 70

A tool for calculating the doubling time of a population by dividing 70 by a country's rate of natural increase (RNI)

population composition

The makeup of the population by age and sex as well as by ethnic, racial, income, and educational background

age structure

Refers to the breakdown of a population into different age groups or cohorts

dependency ratio

The number of dependents in a population, that each 100 working-age people (ages 15 to 64 years) must support

youth dependency ratio

The number of young dependents in a population (usually people younger than 15 years of age) that every 100 working-age people must support

elderly dependency ratio

The number of elderly dependents in a population (usually people older than 64 years of age) that every 100 working-age people must support

generations

Groups of people who were born around the same time and share some common traits due to the cultural and societal influences they shared as they grew up

Baby Boomers

People born from 1946 to 1964 during the post-World War II uptick in birth rate

Generation X

People born between 1965 and 1980 and are now in their prime working years

Generation Y

People who were born between 1981 and 2000; often referred to as millennials

Generation Z

People born after the turn of the twenty-first century

sex ratio

The ratio of the number of men to number of women in a population

androcentrism

A phenomenon in which a culture demonstrates a marked preference for males

infanticide

The practice of killing infants

population pyramid

A very useful graphic device for comparing age and sex structure

Malthusian

A term derived from the name Thomas Robert Malthus, an English economist and cleric, to mean either "of or relating to Malthus's theory" or "a follower of Malthus"

overpopulation

Occurs when the human population exceeds the food supply

neo-Malthusians

People who today subscribe to the Malthusian view of population

cornucopians or anti-Malthusians

People who disagree with the Malthusian view of population and resources

Boserup effect

Increase in food production resulting from the use of new farming methods