AP Pysch Unit 3

language

spoken, written, signed communication

phoneme

smallest unit or sound

morpheme

smallest unit of meaning

grammar

system of organizing

language development : 0-4 months

random sounds

language development: 4-10 months

babbling stage, repeat commonly heard syllables

language development 10-24 months

one word stage, single word but with intention/meaning

language development: 2 years

two word stage - pairing words together (mommy up)

telegraphic stage - beginning stage of grammar (want juice)

language development: 2 years +

rapid language devvelopment

the linguistic genius of babies

babies are taking stats on most common sounds they hear

critical period

when babies try to master sounds of language, 0-7 months

motherese

universal language/tone used to talk to babies

effects of bi- or multilingualism

a baby with 1+ languages spoken to them takes two different sets of stat

is language innate - B.F Skinner

presenting nurture side

children learn language

reinforced with attention

is language innate - Noam Chomsky

nature

predisposed towards speech/language

supported critical period

Benjamin Lee Whorf theory of linguistic determinism

we separate nature into separate groups and use certain expressions for certain times

is language uniquely human - KoKo

is language uniquely human - Dogs Decoded

genotype

actual DNA, genetic instructions

phenotype

physical, expressed traits

dominant trait

when present will be expressed

recessie trait

less likely to be shown, 2 recessive genes show up

stages of prenatal development - zygotic (germinal) period

0-2 weeks

microscopic

stages of prenatal development - embryonic period

3-8 weeks

poppyseed - kidney bean

teratogens : substances harmful to pregnancy

stages of prenatal development - fetal period

9 - 39 weeks (birth)

grape - pumpkin

fetal alcohol syndrome : cluster of traits that tend to occur when mom heavy drinks, mostly affects facial features

infant reflexes and development - rooting, sucking, grasping reflex

touch cheek = turn head, open mouth

something in baby mouth = suck

anything in hand = grasp

infant reflexes and development - babinsky reflex

stroke bottom of foot = toes fan out then curl in

infant reflexes and development - moro reflex

when babies feel like they're falling their arms flail out

habituation and infant attention

baby will look at new visual stimuli and then turn away

infant brain maturation

brain stem - limbic system - cerebral cortex

infant amnesia

cant remember infancy

temperament

innate dispostion, nature not nurture

temperament - easy

don't cry, like new ppl, emotionally stable

temperament - difficult

cry, trouble sleeping, no strangers

temperament - slow to warm up

starts out difficult in new situation but then becomes easy

temperament - average

doesn't fit in a certain catergory

Jean Piaget's philosophy of development

PIAGET = COGNITIVE

child is little scientist

schema

mental category or concept

accommodation

take new information and change existing schema OR create a whole new schema

assimilatation

fit new information into existing schema

Piaget stages of cognitive development - sensorimotor

0-2

experiments with senses and actions, needs to touch everything

object permanence - know something exists even when you cant see it

stranger anxiety - separation anxiety, state of agitation when away from parent

Piaget stages of cognitive development - pre operational

2-7

symbolic thinking, intuitive reasoning

egocentrism - to not understand others points of views

theory of mind - understand that different people have different sets of knowledge

centration - to be focused on one physical attribute

overgeneralization - overuse of rules or catergenes

Piaget stages of cognitive development - concrete operational

logical thought about concrete events/math/awards

conservation - understand objects maintain people

reversibility - undo operations

Piaget stages of cognitive development - formal operational

12 - adult

develop abstract reasoning, things intangible

abstract logic - thinking about things you can't see

Critiques of Piaget

ignores socialization/culture, neglects child ability with help

Lev Vygotsky

social is greater than physical eduction

scaffolding

tools that help child reach goals in ZPD

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

space between what someone can already do and whats beyond their proximal development

Parenting Styles

Baumrind

authoritarian

cold and rejecting, degrades child, lack of communication and love, demanding, high on punishment

permissive indulgent

spoil child , high communication and love, no punishment and consequences, child makes decisons

permissive neglectful

low communication and love, doesn't want to be involved, indifferent to child

authoritative

high communication and love, cares about child well being, punishment vs. reasonable, helps child

attachment

emotional connection from child to caretaker must start forming at birht

Konrad Lorenz

theory of imprinting

an infant becomes attached to first caretaker they see

animals not humans

Harry Harlow

monkey prefers cloth over food, contact comfort

Mary Ainsworth's strange situation

actual human babies

babies in new playroom with mother and mother leaves

• Secure

cries when parent leaves, happy when parent comes back, explores

• Insecure

baby cry when parent leaves, happy when parent returns, doesn't explore

• Avoidant Ambivalant Disorganized

not upset when parent leaves or comes back, explores whenever, lack of connection

self concept

understanding of who you are, child can recognize him/her when in mirror

Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development

AH

Trust vs Mistrust

birth - 1

good : rely on others

bad : hates the world, world hates them

Is world friendly or hostile?

Autonomy vs Doubt

2 - 3

good : i am my own person

bad : helpless to control thoughts

can i be independent and do things myself ?

Initiative vs Guilt

4 - 6

good : i can make things happen