life processes CBSE class 10

Life processes

Life processes

1 - Nutrition

2 - respirations

3 - transportation

4 - excretion

Salivary gland

production of saliva

salivary amylase

an enzyme in the saliva that breaks down some starch into sugar

gastric glands

present in the wall of the stomach, secretes gastric juice

Esophagus

food tube connecting the mouth to the stomach

Pepsin

An enzyme present in gastric juice that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids that can be easily absorbed in the small intestine.

Mucus

protects stomach lining from HCL

Exocrine pancreas

produces enzymes used to chemically digest food, especially protein

bile

Breaks big fat globules into smaller globules

Pancreatic juice

consists of pancreatic amylase, trypsin, Lipase

pancreatic amylase

carbohydrate starch into sugar

Trypsin

an enzyme produced by the exocrine pancreas; protein into peptone then amino acid

Lipase

enzyme; fat into fatty acid and glycerol

endocrine pancreas

Makes the hormone insulin, which helps control blood sugar levels

aerobic cellular respiration

Producing ATP with oxygen by breaking down glucose (36-38 ATP); occurs in the mitochondria; complete breakdown of food

anaerobic respiration

Respiration in the absence of oxygen, releasing small amounts of energy

ATP

Adenosine tri-phosphate

alcoholic fermentation

A process used by yeast cells and some bacteria to produce carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol

Trachea

windpipe

• 16–20 C-shaped rings of cartilage

Function of the rings of cartilage in the trachea

support and allow the trachea to move and flex when breathing.

• tracheal rings

• allows the trachea to collapse slightly to allow food to pass down the esophagus

• prevent the trachea from collapsing and blocking the airway.

Bronchi

two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs.

Bronchioles

smallest branches of the bronchi

residual volume

the amount of air left in the lungs after a full exhalation usually 1-1.2L

• keeps the lungs from collapsing

Oxyhemoglobin

a bright red substance formed by the combination of hemoglobin with oxygen, present in oxygenated blood.

• hemoglobin is also the respiratory pigment in humans

Leukocytes

White blood cells, <1% blood; phagocytosis.

Granulocytes

• most common WBC

• have little grain-looking things in them

• Neutrophil

• Eosinophil

• Basophil

Neutrophil

• phagocytes bacteria (engulfs and destroys/eats foreign substances)

• removes cell debris and pathogens (viruses/bacteria)

• 40-60%

Eosinophil

• kills parasitic worms

• bilobed nucleus

• 1-3%

Basophil

• releases Histamine and Heparin during alergic reactions

• 0.4-1%

Histamine

it enlarges blood vessels to improve blood flow (this causes swelling)

Heparin

enzyme that prevents blood from clotting too quickly

• help prevent harmful clots from forming in blood vessels.

Agronulocytes

• lymphocytes

• monocytes

lymphocytes

• produced in the bone marrow

• goes through a selection process where they learn how to freely attack foreign substances without attacking its own body cells (in the Thymus)

B cells

• 10%

• identifies foreign invaders

• produces antibodies

• attacks invaders outside the cells

T cells

• 75%

• attacks invaders inside cells

Cytotoxic T cells

Kill cells infected with viruses and bacteria and also destroys tumor cells

Helper T cells

Sends signals which tell other cells in your immune system how to co-ordinate an attack

Regulatory T cells

reduces activity of other T cells when necessary - supress immune response

Monocytes

• can leave bloodstream and enter the tissue

• phagocytic

• dendritic and macrophages cells

Dendritic cells

capture, process, and present antigens to lymphocytes. This initiates and regulates the adaptive immune response

Antibodies

Antibodies are proteins that protect you when an unwanted substance enters your body. Produced by your immune system, antibodies bind to these unwanted substances in order to eliminate them from your system.

antigens

An antigen is a foreign substance that enters your body. This can include bacteria, viruses, fungi, allergens, venom and other various toxins. An antibody is a protein produced by your immune system to attack and fight off these antigens.

Macrophages

• plays a role in wound healing and muscle regeneration.

• eliminate pathogens and dead cells through phagocytosis

thrombocytes

blood platelets; clothing blood

right atrium

the right upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the venae cavae

right ventricle

pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

pulmenary artery

The only artery that carries deoxiganted blood; carries it to the lungs for re oxigination and elimination of carbon dioxide

left atrium

Chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.

Aorta

Largest artery in the body; distrobutes oxiginated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body

Septum

wall dividing two cavities; makes sure substances from the left and right chambers don't mix.

Pericardium layer

outer layer of the heart; protects the heart

Why do ventricles have thicker walls than atriums?

because ventricles have to pump blood into various organs which requires high pressure

double circulation

Blood travels twice through the heart in one cycle. pulmonary circulation and systematic circulation

Pulmonary circulation

Blood from heart to lungs and back to heart

Systematic cirulation

Blood from heart to the body and back to the heart

Single circulation

the blood is pumped to the gills to get oxygenated blood and from there it passes directly to rest of the body. Thus, the blood goes only once through the heart during one cycle of passage through the body. ex) fishes who only have 2 chambers in their heart

Arteries

carry oxygenated blood

• walls are thick which enables them to dilate (widen or enlarge)

Capillaries

• Microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body/tissue cells

  • Their walls are permeable to water and other substances

• form connections between veins and arteries

lymph nodes

Bean-shaped filters that cluster along the lymphatic vessels (only one way) of the body. They function as a cleanser of lymph as well as a site of T and B cell activation and contains monocytes

Phloem

Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plant; can go up and down

Why is the transport system in plants slower than of animals?

Because plants are less active than animals so their cells do no need to be supplied with minerals so quickly

Excretion

Process by which metabolic wastes are eliminated from the body

Name the organs in the excretory system

pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.

Kidney

organ that removes urea, excess water, and other waste products from the blood and passes them to the ureter

Ureters

Two thin tubes which drain out urine from kidney to urinary bladder

Nephron

filtering unit of the kidney

bowmans capsule

• Dirty blood enters the bowmans capsule through the renal artery where it gets cleaned and leaves through the renal vein

• small molecules pass through its filtration membrane (glomerular filtrate)

Glomerular filtrate

contains water, glucose, salts, urea and metabolic waste; only 1% of this is urine the rest of the 99% gets re-absorbed back into the blood through peritubular capillaries (surround the renal tube)

Tubular secretion

takes place when the glomerular filtrate is being re absorbed back into the blood stream; wastes, drugs from the bloodstream enter the renal tube.

• occurs mainly in the renal tubule and the collecting duct of the nephron

collecting duct

collect urine from the nephrons

Autrotrophic nutrition

Organisms make their own form of nutrition from outside sources ex) plants

chemoautotroph

organisms that use chemical reactions to obtain energy (inorganic materials) and synthesize organic compounds from gases like carbon dioxide. They are primary producers in hostile environments, such as deep sea vents.

Photoautotroph

organisms that use light energy from the sun and elements from inorganic compounds to produce organic materials. This process is known as photosynthesis.

Translocation

the process of moving materials from the leaves to other parts of a plant. (photosynthesis) This process occurs in the phloem, which is a vascular tissue.

Transpiration

process of loss of water as vapour from aerial parts of plants

• The evaporation of water during transpiration provide cooling effect to the leaves.

• The water stream moving upwards carries dissolved minerals with it. Transpiration also helps in distributing these minerals throughout the plant.

• The absorbed water is transported from roots to leaves through xylem vessels which is greatly influenced by transpiration pull.

During the daytime, water and minerals travel faster through xylem as compared to the night why?

because during daytime the rate or transpiration is higher

Heterotrophic nutrition

organisms depend on other organisms for food ex) humans and animals

holozoic nutrition

digestion of food; absorbtion; assimilation of food ex) amoebae, humans

parasitic nutrition

organism obtains food from hosts body without killing the host ex) lice

Saprophytic nutrition

feed on dead decaying matter ex) bacteria or fungus

different steps involved in nutrition in Amoeba

1- ingestion, amoeba ingests food using its finger like projections and makes a pear like shape called pseudopodia

2- digestion, food is engulfed with a little surrounding water forming a food vacuole; the food is digested with food enzymes inside the vacuole

3- diffusion, food is absorbed directly into the amoeba

4- assimilation, food gives energy and growth of the amoeba

5- Egestion- When considerable amount of undigested food collects inside Amoeba then its cell membrane ruptures at any place to throw out this undigested food.

Pseudopodia

A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding.

phagocytosis

cell englulfs and internalizes large particles such as bacteria by extending its membrane around them

peristalic movement

a muscle contraction and expansions of gut muscles (esophagus, stomach, and intestines.) that moves food in the correct direction

alimentary canal

The digestive tract is a long tube of organs that carries food throughout the body, from the mouth to the anus including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines)

HCL

hydrochloric acid, acid in the stomach that kills germs in the food

• HCl makes medium acidic for the activation of an enzyme pepsin.

Sphinctter muscles

stomach contains 4 sphincter muscles which are circular muscles that expand and contract to control the in and out of the food.

Villi

Fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption - absorbs food, supplies absorbed food to blood vessels)

Why is small intestine in herbivores longer than in carnivores?

Due to the cellulose in plants that herbivores eat. Cellulose takes a longer to be digested by our digestive organs, thus they have longer small intestine that carnivores who feed on flesh, which does not have cellulose.

Assimilation

is making food part of a cell which occurs after absorption

lactic acid fermentation

the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates that produces lactic acid as the main end product

Alveoli

Terminal air sacs that constitute the gas exchange surface of the lungs.

• increase surface area for exchange of gases

• thin walls and a network of capillaries

Rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that in terrestrial organisms. Give reasons.

Aquatic animals obtain oxygen from water present in the dissolved form through their gills. The amount of dissolved oxygen is quite small as compared to the amount of oxygen in the air.

Therefore, to obtain required oxygen from water, aquatic animals have to breathe much faster than the terrestrial organisms.

plasma

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells that transport oxygen; no nucleus or organelles

Vena cave

a large vein carrying deoxygenated blood into the heart; largest vein in the body

valve

structure in veins or in the heart that temporarily closes an opening so that blood flows in only one direction

• 4 Valves in the heart - Pulmonary valve, tricuspid valve, Mitral valve, Aortic valve

Tricuspid valve

valve that separates the right atrium and ventricle

blood passes through this valve when going to the right ventricle from the right atrium

Pulmonary valve

blood passes through this valve from the right ventricle to pulmonary arteries

Mitral valve

Blood enters the left atrium and passes thorugh this valve to the left ventricle