Cortex

where is white matter in the cortex

inside

where is gray matter in the cortex

outside

how many layers does the cortex have

6 layers

output of layer II direction

ipsilateral

output layer III direction

contralateral

input for layer 1

nearby cortex

output for layer I

nearby cortex

input for layer 2

cortex and brainstem

output for layer 2

ipsilateral cortex

input of the layer 3

cortex, brainstem

output of layer 3

contralateral cortex

input for layer 4

thalamus, cortex, brainstem

output for layer 4

no major outputs

input for layer 5

cortex,brainstem

output for layer 5

spinal cord, brainstem

input layer 6

brainstem

output layer 6

thalamus

four lobes

frontal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe.

gyrus

bumps

sulcus

valley

motor cortex gyri

precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus

gyri of the association cortex

superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, IPL, SPL

Brodman Area

specific areas have a specific role in the cortex

visual network

occipital lobe areas process visual information

inferior temporal lobe areas work in the same network to determine what an object is

somatomotor network

primary motor and primary sensory cortex work together

dorsal attention network

these areas determine whether an object is moving, where it is in space, and guide eye movements to the object

ventral attention/salience network

these areas are important for monitoring the environment broadly and detecting unexpected stimuli and for shifting attention.

limbic network

orbitofrontal cortex regulates emotions. Entorhinal cortex regulates memory

control network

these areas are important for complex cognition: making decisions, solving problems, holding information in mind, representing numbers

default mode network

these areas are task negative. They are responsible for internally directed thought thinking about things not in the current environment, the past, the future, the minds of other people.

association fibers

communication within a hemisphere, short range (U fibers)

long range

• superior longitundinal fasciculus: connects all lobes

• arcuate fasciculus: connects language areas

• uncinate: connects limbic areas in temporal lobe to limbic areas in frontal lobe.

commissural fibers

communication between hemispheres

corpus callosum

• anterior commissure: olfaction

• posterior commissure: pupillary light reflex

projection fibers

communication with brainstem and body

gray matter thining

as you age your gray matter thins which is caused by synaptic pruning and white matter expansion.

sensory areas

thin first

association areas

thin last

superior longtindinual fascilus

connects all the lobes

arcuate fascilus

connects language areas

unciate

connects limbic areas in temporal lobe to limbic areas in frontal lobe

corpus collosum

the largest of the commisural fibers

anterior commissure

olfaction

posterior commissure

pupillary light reflex