Classification

Life Sciences 11

Taxonomy

The study of classifying or organizing living things into categories based on common characteristics

Binomial Nomenclature

Two-name naming system to eliminate confusion from common names like cat

How to use binomial nomenclature

It is written in latin or greek

names are chosen on characteristics of the organism ( physical, behavioural, genetic), to commemorate a person, or the place of discovery.

Made with genus and species

The genus is always capitalized while the species is always lowercase

the scientific names are written in italics or underlined

Organization of living things (ex domains → kingdoms) from least to most specific

Domains: all life is split into three domains

Kingdom: each domain is divided into kingdoms

Phylum: each phyla is divided into clases

classes: each class is divided into orders

orders: each order is divided into families

Family: each family is divided into gena

Genus: each genus is divided into species

species: one specific organism

The three domains

Archaea-very primitive forms of bacteria

Eubacteria-more advanced forms of bacteria

Eukaryota-All life forms with eukaryotic cells

Organisms are classified based on which traits

Eukaryote or prokaryote

Autotroph or heterotroph

absorb or consume food

unicellular or multicellular

plants: vascular or non vascular

animals: vertebrate or invertebrate

Dichotomous key

a system of identifying unknown organisms using a two choice key

Phylogeny

the evolutionary history for a group of species using evidence from living species

Phylogenetic trees/cladograms are based on ____ so

hypotheses, so they are not definitive facts

What does a cladogram show

the evolutionary relationship among a group of organisms based on derived traits

Derived traits

A trait taht just evolved in a group or individual species

At each node is ____

the most recent common ancestor from all the groups that descended from that node

Out-group

the out group shares zero divided derived traits with the in group

In-group

represents organisms that share at least on or more derived trait

How to make a cladogram

1. make a table with the traits and organisms and put an x where the two match

2. 2. Using the table draw the cladogram

3. Then add the traits

Life Sciences 11 Dichotomous Key

1. Non Living…. Virus Living…. Go to 2

2. Prokaryote….. go to 3. Eukaryote… go to 4

3. Every day environments… Domain Eubacteria Extreme environments… Domain Archaea

4. unicellular….. kingdom Protista multicellular go to 5

5. Autotroph….. go to 6 Heterotroph go to 7

6. Vascular.. Kingdom plantar vascular No tubes Kingdom plantar non vascular

7. Absorbs… kingdom fungi consumes.. got to 8

8. No back bone.. Kingdom Animalia Invertebrates, back bone is Kingdom Animal vertebrates

All viruses are _______ all viruses reacquire a ______

Parasites. Host

Parasite

Live in or on another living organism, causing them harm

Host

living organism that parasites live on

Why are viruses not affected by antibiotics

Antbiotics kill bacteria, bacteria are not viruses

Common Illnesses caused by Viruses

Flu

Bubonic Plague

West Nile Virus

HIV/Aids

Hepatittis

chicken pox

Corona virus

flu

colds

Living characteristics of a virus

1. They can reproduce inside a living cell

2. They can mutate and change

3. They have DNA or RNA

Non-living characteristics of a virus

They are not made of cell(s)

They do not have a metabolism

They can be crystallized and dehydrated and stored indefinitely (they become active when injected into a living cell)

Viruses

tiny non-living particles that invade and then replicate inside a host cell

Virus Dichotomous Key

1.a Virus is a regular shape…………. go to 2

b Virus is a geometrical shape………….. go to 3

2.a Virus is round surrounded by a membrane envelope…… Envelope

b Virus is a hollow tube filled with amino acids………………..Helical

3.a Virus is a sphere made of traingles………………………...Icosahedral

b Virus is an icosahedral with a tail and infects bacteria……..Bacteriophage

What are the structures of a virus

Protein coat: protects the virus

Capsid: contains the genetic material

Surface proteins: allows it to attach to host cell acting like a lock and key to the specific cell it can invade

Some viruses have an outer membrane called an envelope

How viruses reproduce

Active: Virus attaches to the cell. the viral genetic material takes over and begins to replicate immediately

1. Virus attaches to the cell

2. Virus releases genetic material into the cell

3. The cell is instructed to make more virus parts

4. These Aprts are assembled

5. New viruses emerge from the cell, destroying it in the process

Hidden: Genetic material is combined with the cells and lies dormant until it is ready to come active

What are the parts of the bacteriophage

Capsid, genetic material, tail sheath, base plate, tail fibre

Bacteria

prokaryotic unicellular organisms with no nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles

Bacteria dichotomous key

1. a. Bacterium lives in extreme environments…… …Domain Archaea

b. Bacterium is an everyday bacteria…. Domain Eubacteria. go to 2

2. a. Bacterium is round…………………………………………….go to 3

b. Bacterium is not round………………………………………...go to 4

3. a. Bacterium is not in a chain……………………………………coccus

b. Bacterium is in a chain………………………………...streptococcus

4. a. Bacterium is rod-shaped………………………………………bacillus

b. Bacterium is spiral-shaped…………………………………..Spirillum

How do bacteria get energy

Autotrophs use photosynthesis and chemosynthesis to make energy, photosynthesis using the sun, chemosynthesis using chemicals to make food

Heterotrophs consume food and use oxygen to make energy

How do bacteria reproduce

Binary Fission: one parent divides to form two identical offspring

Conjugation: exchange genetic material through a tube that connects them

How do bacteria move

Stationary (don’t move)

Flagella: Long whip-like tail

Cilia: hair-like projections

What do these bacteria do Lactobacillus San Francisco, Orchrobactrum anthropic, and Clostridium botulinum

Used for famous bread, oil-eating bacteria used to clean up oil spills, and found in preserved foods which makes resistant spores that cause illness

Why can bacteria replicate so quickly

Since they are simple and have no organelles, the DNA, cytoplasm, ribosomes, membrane, and cell wall is all they need.

Structure of bacteria

flagella, cytoplasm, ribosomes, circular DNA, cell wal, cell membrane

What it looks like

What do the four types of bacteria coccus, streptococcus, bacillus, and spirillum look like

Anthrax symptoms and causes

Symptoms: Skin ulcers, shortness of breath

Causes: Contact with infected animals or inhalation of spores

Botulism symptoms and causes

Symptoms: Muscle weakness,, difficulty breathing

Causes: Improperly canned or preserved foods

Cholera symptoms and causes

Symptoms: watery diarrhea and dehydrayion

Causes: contaminated water or food

EHEC causes and symptoms

Symptoms: bloody diarrhea, severe tomach cramps

Causes: undercooked beef, contaminated produce

Lyme disease symptoms and causes

Symptoms: bullseye rash, joint pain

Causes: bite from infected tick

Staph infection symptoms and causes

Symptoms: Skin boils, redness/swelling

Causes: contact with infect wounds or surfaces

Tetanus symptoms and causes

Symptoms: Muscle stiffness, jaw lock

Causes: deep puncture wounds exposed to contaminated soil(through rust)

Tuberculosis symptoms and causes

Symptoms: persistent cough, weight loss

Causes: airborne droplets from infected individuals

Strep throat symptoms and causes

Symptoms: sore throat, fever

Causes: Respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing

Protist is a

unicellular eukaryote that can be plant-like, animal-like, or fungi-like, and live in moist surroundings

Protista Dichotomous Key

1. a. Autotroph…………………………………………………….Go to 2

b. Heterotroph………………………………………………….Go to 3

2. a. Red eyespot and flagellum………………………………..Euglena

b. Forms colonies that has stalks supporting leaf-like structures we call seaweed……………………………………………………………..Brown Algae

3. a. Absorbs……………………………………………………..Go to 4

b. Consumes………………………………………………….Go to 5

4. a. Fuzzy………………………………………………………..Water Mold

b. Colourful Moving Slime……………………………………Slime Mold

5. a. Moves using cilia…………………………………………..Paramecium

b. Moves by extending pseudopods…………………………….Amoeba

How do protists get energy

Plant Like: Photosynthesis

Animal Like: Consumes other organisms

Fungi Like: absorbs decaying material

How do protists reproduce

Plant Like: asexually- binary fission

ANimal Like: sexually-conjugation, asexually- binary fission

FUngi Like: Sexually-sperm and egg, asexually-spore formation

How do protists move

Plant like: flagella and floating

Animal like: pseudopodia, cilia, flagellum, with a host

Fungi like: ooze using pseudopodia

Fungi is a

multicellular or unicellular(yeast) eukaryotic heterotrophs that absorb decaying material and live in warm, moist places

Fungi Dichotomous Key

1. a. Is in a mutualistic relationship with alga or autotrophic bacteria…………Lichen

b. No relationship……………………………………………………………….Go to 2

2. a. Creates spores inn a club-like structure……………………………….Basidomycetes

b. Creates spores in some other structure…………………………………….Go to 3

3. a. Creates spores in a sac-like structure…………………………………..Ascomycetes

b. Creates spores in some other structure…………………………………….Go to 4

4. a. Mold found on common fruit and bread……………………………..Zygomycetes

b. Mold found on veggies…………………………………………………Imperfect fungi

Key characteristics and structure of fungi

All are haploid (half the number of chromosomes)

Cell walls are made of chitin

Hyphae: thread like structures that make up multicellular fungi

Mycelium: underground root-like system made up of many hyphae

How do fungi get energy

Parasitic: From living host, harming them in the process ex) athlete’s foot

Mutualistic: from a beneficial relationship with another organism ex) lichen

Decomposer: Breaking down decaying material ex) mushrooms

Process of parasitic

Hyphae grow into the food source

Digestive enzymes are released into the organism

Hyphae absorb the nutrients

How do fungi reproduce

Sexually

Hyphal Exchange: hyphae fuse together, trading genetic material

Asexually

Budding: Identical organisms grows from the parent

Fruiting Bodies: structure that makes asexual spore

Why are protists considered the beginning of eukaryotic diversity

Since the have the characteristics of every other kingdom via plant-like, animal-like, and fungi-like traits

Lichen are bioindicators, which suggest

that they tell us a lot about air quality, living on tree barks of areas with good air quality

lichen is also a composite made up of bacteria, algae, and fungi

Plantae non vascular is

multicellular eukaryotic autotrophs that do not have tubes(roots, stems, leaves)

Kingdom Plantae non-vascular dichotomous key

1. a. Tiny leaves from a central stem-like structure growing in moist areas………………………………………………………………..Mosses

b. Flat leaf-like gametophyte structures…………………………Go to 2

2. a. Gametophyte resembles a human liver, found growing on rocks near streams.. ………………………………………………………………………..liverwort

b. gametophyte is flat leaf-like structure usually found growing in soil or cultivated fields………………………………………………………………………..Hornwort

Characteristics of Non-vascular plants

• Low growing plants that get materials directly from surrondings

• Small root-like structures called rhizoids

• Cells are supported using cell walls, made of cellulose

• Sexual and asexual reproduction

• Sexual: spore formation

• Asexual: vegetative propagation (small part of the plant breaks off and becomes a new one)

• Autotroph: makes their own food using energy from th sun through photosynthesis

How do plants reproduce

1. plant produces spores-tiny cells that grow into new organisms. Then turns into gametophyte stage

2. Plant produces both sperm and egg cells hermaphrodite) which join together during reproduction to make a zygote

Why no non-vascular plants in desert

-Depends on surroundings for water and nutrients

-there is nothing to depend on

-the desert is scarce of nutrients

Kingdom Plantae vascular are

multicellular eukaryotic autotrophs that have a system of tubes (roots, stems, leaves)

Plantae vascular dichotomous key

1. a. Reproduces without seeds……………………………………………..….Go to 2

b. Reproduces with seeds……………………………………………………..Go to 3

2. a. Has fronds, and reproduces with spores……………………………..…….Fern

b. has needle-like leaves and reproduces with spores…..Club mosses and spike mosses

3. a. Plant makes seed in a cone, and has needle-like leaves…………….….Gymnosperm

b. Plant makes seeds in a fruit with flowers…………………………………..Angiosperm

Characteristics of vascular plants

Retains water

Transport material through tubes called xylem and phloem

Asexual reproduction: spores and vegetative propagation

Sexual reproduction: pollen(sperm) and ovules(egg)

Autotroph: makes their own food using energy from the sun through photosynthesis

Phototropism

Plant grows toward light

Gravitropism/Geotropism

Plant roots grow away from gravity

Thigmotropism

Plant wraps around objects when near vines

How water moves through the plant

Water moves into root

xylem vessel pulls the water

water enters the cells in the leaf

water evaporates from the stomata

How are seeds dispersed

Water, wind, animals

Plants have both female and male parts, why do you think the female and male parts mature at different times

If they matured at the same time, plants would self-pollinate, decreasing the genetic diversity that would occur If the pollen was transferred to another plant