BIO 030 MIDTERM (Sexual Orientation + Love)

What is sexual orientation?

Sexual attraction to other people

What three dimensions can sexual orientation involve?

Sexual behavior attraction or desire and self-identification

How did Kinsey conceptualize sexual orientation?

As a continuum

What does 0 mean on the Kinsey Scale?

Exclusively heterosexual

What does 6 mean on the Kinsey Scale?

Exclusively homosexual

What do middle Kinsey Scale values represent?

Varying combinations of heterosexual and homosexual orientation

What is a limitation of the Kinsey Scale?

It does not fully account for asexuality pansexuality or attraction outside binary categories

What does heterosexual mean?

Attraction toward another gender

What does gay or lesbian mean?

Attraction toward the same gender

What does bisexual mean?

Attraction toward more than one gender

What does asexual mean?

Little or no sexual attraction

Does asexuality automatically mean no romantic feelings?

No

What does pansexual mean?

Attraction may occur toward people regardless of sex or gender identity

What is sexual fluidity?

The possibility that attraction or orientation experiences may change or show flexibility across time or circumstances for some people

Does sexual fluidity mean sexual orientation is simply a conscious choice?

No

Is there one single cause of sexual orientation?

No

What do twin studies examine?

Genetic and environmental influences

What are monozygotic twins?

Identical twins

What are dizygotic twins?

Fraternal twins

What does higher concordance in identical twins than fraternal twins suggest?

A genetic contribution to the trait

Does genetic influence mean complete genetic determination?

No

What percentage of variation in sexual orientation does the lecture estimate may relate to genetic differences?

Roughly 30 to 35%

What is the fraternal birth-order effect?

Gay men on average tend to have more older biological brothers

Which siblings specifically relate to the fraternal birth-order effect?

Older biological brothers

What is one proposed explanation for the fraternal birth-order effect?

Maternal immune hypothesis

Does having bad heterosexual experiences cause homosexuality?

No. This is not supported

Does being influenced or seduced by an older gay person cause homosexuality?

No. This is not supported

What is homophobia?

Negative attitudes prejudice fear hostility or discrimination directed toward homosexuality or gay and lesbian people

What are the three components of Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love?

Passion intimacy and commitment

What is passion in Sternberg's theory?

Physical attraction sexual desire and excitement

What is intimacy in Sternberg's theory?

Emotional closeness and connection

What is commitment in Sternberg's theory?

The decision to maintain the relationship

What is intimacy only?

Liking

What is passion only?

Infatuation

What is commitment only?

Empty love

What is intimacy + passion?

Romantic love

What is intimacy + commitment?

Companionate love

What is passion + commitment?

Fatuous love

What is passion + intimacy + commitment?

Consummate love

Which Sternberg components are associated with relationship stability?

Intimacy and commitment

Which Sternberg component tends to decline over time?

Passion

What are Chapman's Five Love Languages?

Words of Affirmation Quality Time Receiving Gifts Acts of Service and Physical Touch

What is Words of Affirmation?

Praise compliments and appreciation

What is Quality Time?

Undivided attention

What is Receiving Gifts?

Valuing the gift and the thought or effort behind it

What are Acts of Service?

Doing helpful things for another person

What are examples of Acts of Service?

Doing dishes making lunch or putting gas in the car

What is Physical Touch as a love language?

Physical affection such as holding hands cuddling or massage

Is Physical Touch exclusively sexual?

No

How strong is the empirical evidence supporting the Five Love Languages theory?

Limited

What chemical is strongly associated with new love?

Phenylethylamine or PEA

What is PEA associated with?

Excitement and giddiness

What neurotransmitters does PEA help increase?

Dopamine and norepinephrine

What is dopamine associated with in love?

Pleasure reward euphoria giddiness and elation

What is norepinephrine associated with in love?

Excitement euphoria giddiness and elation

What is serotonin associated with?

Mood obsession sex and sleep

What hormone is strongly associated with bonding and love?

Oxytocin

What is oxytocin associated with?

Bonding love uterine contractions and reduced cortisol or stress

What is vasopressin associated with?

Pair bonding social behavior and memory

What are endorphins associated with in long-term relationships?

Security tranquility and peace

What is the memory trick for chemicals associated with new love?

PND = PEA Norepinephrine Dopamine

What is the memory trick for bonding chemicals?

OV = Oxytocin Vasopressin