4. Estrus Detection

What is a period of sexual receptivity?

Heat

How does the female act toward the male when she is in heat?

She is receptive to the male

During estrus, what hormone is seen at high levels?

Estrus

What type of cycle does a cow have?

Polyestrus

When does the cow ovulate?

post estrus

What type of cycle does the mare have?

seasonally long day

When does the mare ovulate?

Late estrus

What type of cycle does the sow have?

polyestrus

When does the sow ovulate?

late estrus

What type of cycle does the Ewe have?

seasonally short day

When does the Ewe ovulate?

Late in estrus

What type of cycle do camelids have?

induced ovulators

When do camelids ovulate?

after mating

What type of cycle does the bitch have>

monoestrus

When does the bitch ovulate?

2-3 days post LH surge (ovulates primary oocyte)

What type of cycle does the queen have?

induced ovulator

When does ovulation happen in the queen?

post mating

What is the best detector of estrus?

the males

What are some of the reasons why we would want to be able to detect when estrus is happening?

- document coitus (sexual intercorse)

- if they would like to preform advance repro technology (AI, IVF)

What is the primary sign of estrus in the cow?

Cow standing to be mounted

When does the cow stand to be mounted?

Prior to and following a "heat

What are some secondary signs of a cow being in estrus? (heat)

❖ Anxiousness

❖ Vocalization, restlessness (pedometry)

❖ Swelling/hyperemia of the vulva

❖ Clear mucous discharge from vulva

❖ Chin resting

What is a group of females where there may be animals which are in proestrus, metestrus, and true estrus?

sexually active group

What are some things that can lead cattle to surppress estrus expression? (5)

- Adverse weather conditions

- Hunger

- Thirst

- Poor Body Condition

- Stressors

How long does sperm last in the cows reproductive tract?

24 hours

Should you AI before or after ovulation and why?

you should do it before because the sperm has to undergo capacitation before it is able to fertilize the egg

What is a clear sign that a cow is in estrus?

clear vaginal discharge

What are some estrus detection aids that can be used in cattle?

- Heat Patches: Kamar patches ®, Bovine Beacon ®, Estrotect ®

- Electronic Mounting Monitors

- Andronized steers, females, teaser bull: marker ball

- Pedometers

- Activity Monitors

If you are using heat detection patches, when should you breed the cow?

when the patch has been scratched alot

What device records date, time, duration of every mount and utilizes unique radio frequency technology?

Heat Watch System

How does a marker harness work?

the harness is worn on the bull and it puts pain on him to know when he has been chin resting

What do they do to a teaser bull?

they laterally deviate the penis so that he can not penetrate the cow

What estrus detection method shows an increased # of steps during estrus?

Pedometers

Are Pedometers used more in dairy or beef operations?

dairy

In a doe for estrus detection to occur, what should happen?

a buck should be present

What are some signs that a doe is in estrus?

- Standing to be mounted by buck

- Increased Vocalization (esp. when buck present) BUCK ODOR

- Rapid tail movements (side to side)

- Restlessness (Pacing the fence or seeking attention)

- Vaginal Mucous

- Increased frequency of urination

- Vulva may be edematous, hyperemic, and/or moist

What is a buck rag?

it is where the owner runs a rag behind the poles of a buck and uses the scent and uses it as a "fake" buck

What is the duration of estrus in a doe?

24-48 hours

When does ovulation occur and when is the oocyte viable?

❖ Ovulation 12-36 hours after onset of standing estrus, but before end of estrus

❖ Oocyte viable for 12-24 hours following ovulation

When is insemination recommended in does?

late in estrus ( 12 - 24 hours after onset of estrus with fresh or frozen/thawed semen)

basically every thing i said for doe is the same for ewe

this class is already too much

What are some signs that the ewe is in estrus?

Flagging of the tail

Seeking the ram

Restlessness

T/F Artificial insemination difficult to time without a marker ram

True

What is the duration of estrus in a ewe?

24-36 hours

When do ewe's ovulate?

late in estrus (20 - 30 hours after onset of estrus)

How would you describe the cervix in the ovine species?

❖7 cm long

❖6-8 rearward-directed, funnel-like

rings offset from one another

T/F If you choose to AI and sheep, vaginal insemination has the best conception rates

False, they are hella low (20%)

How do you preform Laparoscopic insemination in sheep/goat?

- Visualize uterus so semen is placed directly into lumen

- Held of feed and water for 24h

- Does is sedated and placed on her back with head down

- Laparoscope and insemination pipette are placed through separate openings in the abdomen

- Place 20 X 106 PMS in both horns

How can you tell if a mare is in esturs?

pronounced response in presence of stallion (she a hoe)

T/F There is little to no detectable behavior w/o male in mares

True

What are some signs that a mare is in estrus? (5)

- Tail flagging

- Squatting/urination

- Eversion of clitoris ("winking")

- Mild to moderate irritability

- Stands to be mounted by stallion

What is the duration of estrus in a mare?

6 days +/- 2 (variable)

When does the mare ovulate?

Ovulation 1.5 - 2 days prior to end of estrus

What TWO processes in mare's are more appropriately managed with repeated

transrectal palpation and ultrasonographic observations?

Ovulation timing and insemination

How do the uterus look if the mare is in standing estrus on ultrasound?

uterus looks like a wagon wheel

How would a mare look if she is displaying estrus behavior?

- urinating small amounts of urine

- tail raised

-swollen vulva

What is the primary sign that a sow is in estrus?

sawhorse stance

T/F The sow shows estrus behaviors with out a boar present due to being a litter bearing species

False, there are little to no signs if the boar is not present

How would you see if a sow is in estrus?

Sawhorse stance:

Back Pressure test

How do you synchronize estrus in sows?

wean the piglets and they will be back in heat in 5 days

What are some secondary signs that he sow is in estrus? (6)

- Red, swollen vulva

- Erect ears (Ear Popping)

- Mucous discharge

- Restlessness

- Vocalization

- Seek out boar

What is the duration of estrus in a sow?

2-3 days

When does ovulation occur in the sow?

last 1/3 of estrus

In the sow, when is the best time to inseminate?

middle of estrus

What do female camelids in heat do if they are receptive to breeding?

kushes (lays in sternal recumbency)

If a female camelid is NOT receptive to a male, what does she do?

spits

T/F Camelids are induced ovulators and have overlapping waves

true

he stopped at the bitch and said "we will not be tested on anything we dont go over even though we will have this in later lectures"

oh my wow