Lesson 1 Bio 2 Quarter 4

Lymphatic System

Lymphatic System

a linear network of lymphatic vessels and secondary lymphoid organs

fluid

Lymphatic System is responsible for the ? balance

Interstitial

? fluid is being filtered and brought back into the bloodstream

Lymphatic System

it absorbs and transports fatty acids and fats from the digestive system

Lymphatic System

it transports white blood cells and dendritic cells for the defense system of the body

Lymphatic Fluid

Lymph is also called as ?

Lymph

it is a fluid in the lymphatic system originating from the interstitial fluid that enters the lymphatic vessels

Lymph

It contains nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and fatty acids, as well as toxins and cellular waste products, that are transported to and from cellular tissues

Lymph Vessels

these are one-way vessels connected to lymphatic capillaries

Lymph Vessels

transports lymph from peripheral tissues to the veins of the cardiovascular system

Lymph Nodes

It is a lymphatic tissue, usually in clusters, separated into compartments by fibrous partitions which help defend the body against foreign substance

Lymph Nodes

These are also sites of hemopoeisis

T and B

Lymph Nodes are also sites of hemopoeisis for what lymphocytes?

Spleen

It is a mass of lymphatic tissue found above and behind the cardiac portion of the stomach

white and red

Spleen contains ? pulp

white pulp

site of lymphocytes

red pulp

filters the blood

Tonsils

These are lymphoepithelial tissues located in your mouth and throat

Tonsils

It protects the body against pathogens and other potentially harmful microorganisms entering from the nose and the mouth.

Thymus

It is located in the thoracic cavity between the trachea and sternum superior to the heart. I

Thymus

It serves as the site of T-lymphocyte maturation, development, and control.

Antibodies

special proteins that fight off and destroy disease-causing germs

Antigen

foreign substance introduced into the body and causes immune response; molecules produced by the body

IgG

is in tissue fluid and plasma and defends against bacterial cells, viruses, and toxins and activates complement, a group of immune system enzymes

IgA

is in exocrine gland secretions (breast milk, saliva, tears) and defends against bacteria and viruses

IgM

is found in plasma and activates complement and reacts with blood cells during transfusions

IgD

can be found on surface of B cells, especially those of infants

IgD

It activates B cells

IgE

is found in exocrine gland secretions and promotes allergic reactions.

IgA

secreted into mucus, saliva, tears, colostrum. tags pathogens for destruction

IgD

B-cell receptor. Stimulates release of IgM

IgE

Binds to mast cells and basophils.

IgG

Binds to phagocytes.

IgE

Allergy and antiparasitic activity

IgG

Main blood antibody for secondary responses.

IgG

Crosses placenta

IgM

fixes complement

IgM

main antibody of primary responses

IgM

Immune system memory

Innate Immunity

first defense against invaders

Innate Immunity

refers to nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into play immediately or within hours of an antigen’s appearance in the body

Innate Immunity

acts as physical and chemical barriers against pathogens such as skin, chemicals in the blood, and immune system cells that attack foreign cells in the body

Adaptive or Specific

Acquired Immunity is also called as ?

Acquired Immunity

takes time to develop after first exposure to a new antigen

Acquired Immunity

after the antigen is remembered, subsequent responses to that antigen are quicker and more effective than those that occurred after the first exposure

Acquired Immunity

tailors its attack to a specific antigen previously encountered.

Acquired Immunity

Its hallmarks are its ability to learn, adapt, and remember.

Acquired Immunity

It involves a very specific response to pathogens.

Acquired Immunity

develops after exposure to agents such as microbes, toxins, or other foreign substances.

humoral and cell-mediated

what are the types of acquired immunity

humoral

mediated by antibodies produced by B lymphocytes

cell-mediated

mediated by T lymphocytes

Active Immunity

It develops naturally when memory cells form clones in response to an infection and can also develop following immunization

vaccination

Immunization is also called as ?

Immunization

In ?, a nonpathogenic form of a microbe or part of a microbe elicits an immune response to an immunological memory.

Active Immunity

results when exposure to a disease organism triggers the immune system to produce antibodies to that disease

natural or vaccine-induced immunity

Active Immunity can be acquired through ?

Passive Immunity

It provides immediate, short-term protection

Passive Immunity

It is conferred naturally when IgG crosses the placenta from mother to fetus or when IgA passes from mother to infant in breast milk

Passive Immunity

can be conferred artificially by injecting antibodies into a nonimmune person

Lymphatic System

plays a vital role in immune defense, fluid balance, and fat absorption

Lymph

A clear, colorless fluid that circulates in the lymphatic vessels.

Lymph

It is similar to plasma but has fewer proteins and contains lymphocytes (immune cells).

Lymph

It carries waste products, fat, and immune cells.

Lymph Vessels

These vessels transport lymph throughout the body

Lymph Vessels

They are similar to blood vessels but have valves to prevent backflow.

thoracic duct

largest lymphatic vessels

Lymph Nodes

Small, bean-shaped structures that filter lymph and house immune cells (lymphocytes).

Lymph Nodes

Small, bean-shaped structures that filter lymph and house immune cells (lymphocytes).

Lymph Nodes

trap pathogens and activate immune responses to fight infections.

Spleen

filters blood rather than lymph

Spleen

It removes old or damaged red blood cells and acts as a reservoir for blood.

Spleen

It also plays a role in immune function by producing lymphocytes and filtering out blood-borne pathogens.

Thymus

where T lymphocytes (T cells) mature.

Thymus

It is most active in childhood and shrinks with age.

Tonsils

They act as the first line of defense by trapping pathogens from the air and food.

CD4+

Activate other immune cells and help coordinate the immune response.

CD8+

Destroy infected or cancerous cells by releasing toxins.

IgG

most abundant antibody

IgG

The only antibody that can cross the placenta, protecting the fetus.

IgG

Provides long-term immunity after infection or vaccination.

IgG

Found in the blood, lymph, and extracellular fluid.

IgA

Mucosal Defense Antibody

IgA

Protects mucous membranes from infections (e.g., respiratory, digestive, and urinary tracts).

IgA

Found in saliva, tears, mucus, and breast milk.

IgA

Provides passive immunity to infants through breast milk.

IgM

First Responder Antibody

IgM

First antibody produced in response to an infection; helps in blood clotting.

IgM

Mainly in blood and lymph.

IgM

Forms pentamers (five antibody units), making it highly effective at clumping pathogens.

IgE

Allergy and Parasite Defense Antibody

IgE

Triggers allergic reactions and protects against parasitic infections (e.g., worms).

IgE

Found in skin, lungs, and mucous membranes.

IgE

Binds to mast cells and basophils, causing the release of histamine (inflammation in allergies).

IgD

Helps activate B cells to respond to pathogens.

IgD

Found in small amounts in blood and lymph, mostly on B cell surfaces.

IgD

Its exact role is not fully understood but is involved in immune regulation.

IgD

Regulatory Antibody