Psychology test 3

Short term memory can hold how many #s?

Short-term memory can hold about 7 ± 2 items (often called "the magic number 7")

According to Loftus, what can influence responses?

Responses can be influenced by leading questions or suggestive information introduced after an event, which may alter a person’s memory.

Misinformation effect

A phenomenon where a person's memory becomes less accurate because of post-event information that is misleading or incorrect.

Henry Molaison - story

surgery

Declarative memory

Memory of facts and events that can be consciously recalled, such as names, dates, and general knowledge (also known as explicit memory).

Procedural memory

Memory of skills and procedures, such as riding a bike or typing, which does not require conscious recall (also known as implicit memory).

Short term vs long term memory

Short-term memory holds a limited amount of information for a brief period, while long-term memory stores information for longer durations and can hold vast amounts of information.

Main stores of memory

The three main stores are sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Loftus research on false memories (childhood, eyewitness, etc)

Loftus showed that people can form false memories of events through suggestion, especially in childhood memories and eyewitness testimony.

Ebbinghaus forgetting curve

A graph that shows how information is lost over time when there is no attempt to retain it, with the most rapid forgetting occurring soon after learning.

Sensory memory

The brief storage of information from the senses (e.g., sights, sounds) for a very short period before it is transferred to short-term memory or discarded.

Encoding

The process of transforming sensory input into a form that can be stored in memory, such as translating visual information into meaningful concepts.

Attention

The cognitive process of selectively focusing on specific stimuli or information while ignoring others

Prototypes

The best or most typical example of a concept, used to categorize new information (e.g., a robin is a prototype for the concept of "bird").

Algorithmic vs heuristic problem solving

Algorithms are step-by-step procedures guaranteed to solve a problem, while heuristics are shortcuts or rules of thumb that simplify problem solving but are not always accurate.

Availability Heuristic phenomenon

A mental shortcut where people judge the likelihood of events based on how easily examples come to mind, which can lead to biased decisions.

Syntax (definition)

The set of rules that governs the structure of sentences in a language, including word order and sentence structure

Cognitive revolution

A shift in psychology during the mid-20th century that emphasized the study of mental processes, like memory, perception, and problem-solving, instead of just observable behavior.

Fluid vs crystallized intelligence

Fluid intelligence is the ability to think abstractly and solve new problems, while crystallized intelligence is the accumulation of knowledge and skills over time.

Savant (definition)

A person with extraordinary abilities in a specific area, such as math or music, often coupled with developmental disabilities.

3 things an IQ test must be

An IQ test must be valid, reliable, and standardized.

What makes a test valid?

A test is valid if it measures what it is supposed to measure.

What makes a test have high reliability? Low?

A test is reliable if it produces consistent results over time.

Morphemes

The smallest units of meaning in a language, such as prefixes, suffixes, or root words.

Early approaches to personality

Early theories linked personality to bodily fluids (like blood and bile) and body shapes (e.g., endomorphs as relaxed, ectomorphs as reserved).

Big 5 theory most important traits

The Big Five traits are Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism, often summarized as "OCEAN."

Freud psychosexual stages and fixations with each

Oral Stage: Fixation may lead to habits like smoking or overeating.

Anal Stage: Fixation may lead to obsessiveness or messiness.

Phallic Stage: Fixation could cause vanity or recklessness.

Latency Stage: Focus on social skills, no specific fixation.

Genital Stage: Maturity and well-balanced relationships.

What do behaviorists say about personality

Behaviorists believe personality is shaped by environment and learned behavior, without a focus on innate traits or internal thoughts.

External vs Internal Locus of control

Internal: Belief that one controls their own destiny.

External: Belief that outside forces, like luck or fate, control outcomes.

Maslow’s Heirarchy of needs

Physiological: Basic needs like food and water.

Safety: Security and stability.

Love

Belonging: Relationships and social connections.

Esteem: Respect and self-confidence.

Self-Actualization: Fulfilling one’s potential.

3 elements of healthy environment according to Rogers

Genuineness, Acceptance, and Empathy are key for a supportive environment according to Carl Rogers.

ID, Ego, Superego

ID: Unconscious drives and desires.

Ego: Rational self that mediates between ID and Superego.

Superego: Moral conscience and ideals.

What is Spatial Intelligence? Example?

The ability to visualize and manipulate objects in space; for example, architects or chess players often have high spatial intelligence.

Introverts Frontal lobe activity (high) vs Extroverts (lower)

Introverts typically have higher frontal lobe activity, while extroverts have lower activity in this area, relating to arousal levels.

95% of IQ scores fall here (2 standard deviations from the mean, +-) p. 249

About 95% of IQ scores fall within two standard deviations from the mean (approximately 70 to 130).

Extrinsic vs Intrinsic Motivation

Extrinsic: Motivation driven by external rewards, like money or praise.

Intrinsic: Motivation driven by personal satisfaction or enjoyment.

General Definition of Intelligence *Be able to WRITE IN FULL p. 235

Intelligence is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and adapt to new situations

BONUS: How does Jesus fulfill all the levels of Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs in our lives? You MUST have at least one scripture to back up your answer for credit

Jesus meets physiological needs ("I am the bread of life" - John 6:35), safety ("The Lord is my shepherd" - Psalm 23:1), love ("Greater love has no one than this..." - John 15:13), esteem ("We are God’s handiwork" - Ephesians 2:10), and self-actualization through spiritual fulfillment ("I came that they may have life" - John 10:10).