Dual Enrollment U.S. History Midterm Review

Northern

Puritans - pilgrims, dissenters. based on God's laws. Economy: shipbuilding/fishing, socialist

Middle

Much more tolerant to other religions - blend of indirect and direct democracy. Economy: trade and small farms

Southern

Settled for money. Land grants and large plantations for elite cavaliers. Not concerned with religion. Area of the early country

Puritans

In Boston. Intolerant of different ideas and people. Left England because they were being persecuted for their religious beliefs

John Winthrop

leader of Puritans

Roger Williams

Believed in Separation of church and state and established first Baptist church

Quakers

Pennsylvania. More tolerant of other religions.

"Religious society of friends"

Indentured Servants

Came with the plantation owners; worked on the plantations until their contracts were up - usually 7 years.

Jamestown

First successful settlement. Problems: diseases, lack of food, drought, conflicts with natives, saltwater poisoning, cannibalism, high mortality rate

John Smith

"You don't work, you don't eat" - kept Jamestown going until more supplies arrived

Virginia House of Burgesses

First elected assembly in the new world

Mayflower Compact

Government in Plymouth. Signed by 41 English colonists on the ship, Mayflower and was the first written framework of government established in what is now the United States

Covenant Community

a religious group whose members bind themselves to one another and to the group by a solemn agreement called a covenant. The group may be members of one religious faith

Cash Crops

grown to make money & for trade; tobacco, cotton etc

Subsistence Crops

grown to produce food; corn, etc

Headright System

Stated that whoever paid for the passage of an indentured servant would receive 50 acres of land in the new world

Bacon's Rebellion

Led by Nathaniel Bacon against the authority of Governor William Berkeley

Salem Witch Trials

12 women and a dog killed for witchcraft

Great Awakening

Religious movement of the 1750's which challenged the established the established religious order; Methodist and Baptist churches were founded.

Education in Colonial America

Established colleges, the north believed in education for education's sake (Quakers), education for the Bible (Puritans)

Ohio River Valley

Colonists and Indians split the territory - disputed for fertile land

French and Indian War

George Washington started it - British & Colonial army vs French army & most Native Americans; Proclamation line - states had to stay East

Proclamation of 1763

France loses all land in North America (keeps some sugar islands), Spain gets Louisiana; Britain gets Canada

Mercantilism

People believed that wealth was power and that a country's economic wealth (and hence military and political power) could be measured by the amount of gold or silver in its treasury

Sugar Act

First direct tax on the colonists; controversial

Stamp Act

taxed printed materials; protested so heavily it was repealed

Townshend Act

Taxed all colonial imports; led to committees of correspondence

Boston Massacre

"more a propaganda act than a massacre"; 5 rebels died after harassing soldiers

Boston Tea Party

Colonial reaction to British monopoly on tea; led to the intolerable acts

Lexington & Concord

"Shot heard around the world"; beginning of the war - soliders were on the hunt for sons of liberty

"No taxation without Representation"

The slogan that went along with the idea that the colonists weren't happy with the acts and taxes that had been imposed on them by the British government

Committees of correspondence

Rallied colonial opposition against British policy and established a political union among the Thirteen Colonies. Spread propaganda

Samuel Adams

1/2 of the leaders of the Sons of Liberty; organized local committees of correspondance in Massachusetts

FIrst Continental Congress

Met in Philadelphia at Independence Hall

Grew out of Stamp Act Congress

Response to the intolerable acts

Second Continental Congress

The Declaration of Independence was written, War was declared on England

Trenton

Pivotal battle of the Revolutionary War

Fought on Christmas day

Saratoga

Turning point, led to the French entering the war

Yorktown

Most fighting ended here, Cornwallis surrendered

Declaration of Independence

written by Thomas Jefferson; grievances about the treatment of the colonists by the King

John Locke

Life, liberty, property

Influenced the founding fathers of the US

Patriots

Advocates for the Revolution

Loyalists

Against the Revolution; loyal to the king

Treaty of Paris (1783)

French goal vs English goals

Americans got everything they wanted

Treaty that ended the Revolutionary War

Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

One branch of government (legislative)

all states had one vote regardless of size

no power to tax

no power to draft an army

no common currency

Shay's Rebellion

Farmers revolt, because they were losing their farms through foreclosures

James Madison

The father of the Constitution

Purpose of the Constitutional Convention

To amend the Articles; ended up writing the Constitution

Great Compromise

Agreement between the large states and the small states on representation; one part of Congress (senate) would have 2 representatives per state regardless of size, the other (house of representatives) would have a different amount of representatives per state based on population/size

3/5 Compromise

Decided that each slave owned would represent 3/5 of a person for population counts

Electoral College

The group that truly votes for the presidential candidates

Legislative Branch

Creates the laws

Executive Branch

Enforces the laws

Judicial Branch

Interprets the laws

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments of the constitution

Hamilton's financial plan

sought to establish credit and strengthen the new economy 4 parts:

-pay war debts to foreign nations

-pay off state war debts

-pay debts to soldiers from revolution

-Establish a National Bank

Whiskey Rebellion

The protests against the first tax imposed by the new federal government: the whiskey tax

Reasons for the birth of political parties

Hamilton and Jefferson were against each other and the people following them split into parties

Washington's Declaration of Neutrality

declared the US neutral in the war between France and Great Britain

Alien & Sedition Acts

Raised resident requirements from 5 to 14 years

Gave the president in peacetime power to order any alien out of the country

Gave the president in wartime power to jail any alien he wanted to

Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions

Were put into practice in 1798 by Jefferson and James Madison. These were secretly made to get the rights back taken away from the Alien and Sedition Acts. These also brought about the later compact theory which gave the states more power than the federal government.

Revolution of 1800

Hamilton convinces Congress to elect Jefferson In House of Representatives Jefferson wins on 36th vote

death of the federalists

Hartford Convention was the end of this party

John Marshall

Supreme Court chief justice for many years

Strong federalist who wanted the court to have the last say on laws

Marbury vs Madison

the landmark Supreme Court decision which established the concept of "Judicial Review"

Louisiana Purchase

doubled the size of the united states purchased from Napoleon for $15 million

Impressment

When the British military would force American sailors into military service

Embargo Act

passed in order to protect American ships from seizure, was disastrous

cut off trade with everyone.

reduced exports from $118 million to $22 million

War Hawks

Members of congress who called for war against the british in 1812: John C. Calhoun & Henry Clay

War of 1812

"Mr. Madison's war" started because:

-impressment

-British instigation of Indians

-War Hawks in congress

Battle of New Orleans

fought after the treaty that ended the war was signed, Andrew Jackson - hero

Hartford Convention

New England delegates discussed secession from the Union, Overshadowed by the end of the war/New Orleans

Nationalism

Love of one's country

Tariff

meant to help American industry - made it more expensive to import, which made it better for most to just buy from Americans, the south blocked it

American System

"Buy American" Tariff that designed to unite the east and west

Henry Clay

War hawk, designed the American system

Era of Good Feelings

under James Monroe, nationalism, time of rapid growth

Panic of 1819

led to bank foreclosing on mortgages in the west, which gave it (the bank) a bad name there; results: soup kitchens, debtor's prisons, economic depression

Missouri Compromise

uneasy compromise, Missouri became a slave state, Congress waited until Maine joined as a free state ; in the future: 30*60 line drawn, Slavery was prohibited above

McCulloch vs Maryland

McCulloch = president of National Bank ; MD wanted to tax the bank of US ; Supreme Court decided states couldn't tax a federal agency ; "Power to tax is power to destroy"

Monroe Doctrine

A warning to Europeans not to come to the Western Hemisphere to settle/do anything but trade

Corrupt Bargain

minority won election of 1824 although Jackson got more popular and electoral votes (John Quincey Adams beat Andrew Jackson)

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

designed to protect industry in the northern US; Jackson said the south couldn't nullify it

Jacksonian Democracy

Refers to the time Andrew Jackson was president

Death of Bank of us

Jackson wanted to get rid of the bank so he had Congress re-charter it so he could veto and end it, Many considered him a king

John C. Calhoun

War hawk, resigned from being VP over the tariff

Rebel - comitted treason

Annexation of Texas

American Texans declared independence & Started Mexican War

Results of Mexican War

-"Mexican Cession" for $15 million

-forced slavery issue up front

-trained new generation of military leaders for civil war

-Aroused Latin American resentment of the US

Gabriel's Rebellion

slave rebellion in Richmond area led by Gabriel Prosser

Nat Turner

led the slave revolt which killed 55 whites; made Virginia consider abolishing slavery (it did not)

Harriet Beecher Stowe

wrote "Uncle Tom's Cabin" ; polarized pro-slavery/anti-slavery groups; led to harsh slave codes; punishments for fugitive slaves

William Lloyd Garrison

published "The Liberator" became the leader of the emerging anti-slavery movement

Sojourner Truth

one of the best known abolitionists; continued fighting for equality by protesting segregation; renowned for stirring oratory; joined fight for female suffrage after abolition

Frederick Douglass

spoke to crowds on what it's like to be a slave; very well spoken and well written

popular sovreignty

the idea that people in different areas can make decisions for themselves rather than having the federal government do it for them (mostly when it came to slavery)

free soil party

short lived political party which opposed slavery

"gold fever"

Gold rush in California which brough many out to mine for it

underground railroad

A route taken by many escaped slaves consisting of safehouses along the way to Canada

Harriet Tubman

most known for her work on the underground railroad; freed many slaves

Compromise of 1850

Forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act , banning slave trade in DC, admitting California as a free state, splitting up the Texas territory, and instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession

Franklin Pierce

14th president of the United States