AP test review

passive transport

moves particles across membrane without energy, and follows the concentration gradient from high to low

simple diffusion

moves small, nonpolar molecules (oxygen and carbon dioxide)

facilitated diffusion

moves large, non polar molecules using proteins

osmosis

a type of facilitated diffusion that moves water using aquaporins

active transport

moves particles across membrane with energy, and goes against the concentration gradient from low to high. Usually moves larger molecules(na+/k+ pump & Endo/extocytosis)

what molecules move easily through the membrane

small non polar molecules

enzymes ______ activation energy and ______ reaction rate

decrease, increase

endergonic reactions _____ energy, exergonix _____ energy

requires, releases

G1 checkpoint

nutrients, growth factors, DNA damageG

G2 checkpoint

cell size, DNA replicationM

M Checkpoint

chromosome spindle fiber attachement

prophase

chromosomes condense, nucleus disapppears

metaphase

chromosomes on metaphase plate, add spindle fibers

anaphase

chromosomes get pulled to opposite sides of the cell

telophase

nucleus forms, cell is about to split

monohybrid cross

cross between two individuals who are heterozygous for one trait resulting in 3:1 phenotypic ratio and 1:2:1 genotypic ratio

dihybrid cross

cross between two individuals who are heterozygous for two traits which result in a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio

when does the 6:3:3:2:1 ratio apply?

if 1 gene is complete dominance and the other is codominace

differential gene expression

different genes are on or off in different cells

convergent evolution

unrelated species independently evolve similar traits in response to environment pressures

genetic drift

allele frequencies change randomly. two types bottleneck and founder

bottlneck effect

natural disaster cause surviving alleles to not represent original populations alleles

founders effect

small group migrates and establishes a new population

adaptive radiation

many new species arise from common ancestorand adapt to different environments

allopatric speciation

formation of new species due to geographic isolation (physical barrier)

sympatric speciation

new species arise within the same geographic location without physical barrier