Bacterial Diseases Exam 3 Microbio

pyoderma

pus-filled

staphylococcus aureus

skin disease

can spread deep, pus can fill furuncle (boil)

spreading deeper fills carbuncle

virulence factors: produces exotoxins and can produce biofilm

impetigo

skin disease, caused by staphylococcus

pus filled lesions, mixed infection

most common in children, easily spread

scalded skin syndrome

skin disease, caused by staphylococcus aureus

virulence factors: capsule, adhesion, enzymes protein A, exfoliative toxins

toxin A is more localized, carried on plasmid

toxin B is carried in circulation, carried on chromosome

toxic shock syndrome

skin disease, caused by staphylococcus aureus

can lead to shock and organ failure

virulence factors: produces toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1), enterotoxins, protein A, capsule and biofilm

toxin is released into circulation and acts as superantigen

streptococcus pyogenes

skin infection

causes strep throat and can lead to scarlet fever

virulence factors: exotoxins, produces erythrogenic/inflammatory toxin

acne

skin infection, caused by anaerobic propionibacterium acnes

overgrowth of organism in skin pores leading to inflammation and tissue destruction

pseudomonas dermatitis

skin disease, caused by pseudomonads

highly resistant to antibiotics and disinfectants

virulence factors: grows in biofilm, makes lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin), produces exotoxin

ophthalmia neonatorum

eye infection, caused by neisseria gonorrhoeae or chlamydia trachomatis in the birth canal

infects the eyes of the baby, conjunctivitis

treated with silver nitrate or tetracycline

bacterial conjunctivitis (pink eye)

eye infection, caused by staphylococcus, streptococcus, neisseria, haemophilus influenza, and pseudomonas

treated with sulfonamide ointment

trachoma

eye infection

causes a more serious infection of the eye, can lead to blindness

urinary tract infection

urogenital infection, caused by e. coli

E. coli moves from intestinal tract to urinary tract, ascending or descending infection patterns

often nosocomial (found in hospital)

virulence factors: pili, adhesins, capsule

bacterial vaginitis

urogenital disease, caused by anaerobic bacteria and Gardnerella vaginalis

happens when the pH of the vagina is too basic

virulence factors: adhesins, biofilm formation, enzymes production

gonorrhea

urogenital infection, caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae

gram negative organism, can survive inside macrophages

highly resistant to antibiotics

virulence factors: endotoxins

syphillis

urogenital infection, caused by Treponema pallidum, has stages

incubation period

primary stage: chancre is present

secondary stage: highly infectious stage with eruptions and skin rashes

latent stage: no symptoms but can cross the placenta

tertiary stage: all organs can be damaged by organism

virulence factors: flagella and pili, immune evasion

chlamydia

urogenital infection, caused by Chlamydia trachomatis

can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease from nongonococcal urethritis

mycoplasma genitalium and mycoplasma hominis can both cause nongonococcal urethritis

virulence factors: produces LPS endotoxin (inflammatory), secretion systems, inclusion bodies

streptococcal pharyngitis

upper respiratory tract infection, caused by Streptococcus pyogenes

dealing with a sore throat

virulence factors: streptolysins, M protein, enzymes, capsule, exotoxins

diphtheria

upper res tract infection, caused by Corynebacterium diphtheria

exotoxin can enter circulation and damage other organs

virulence factors: produces an exotoxin carried on a prophage inhibiting protein synthesis, endotoxin

whooping cough (pertussis)

lower res tract infection, caused by Bordetella pertussis

only infects humans

virulence factors: produces cytotoxin, pertussis toxin, and endotoxin that increases cAMP

pneumonia

lower res tract infection, caused by streptococcus pneumonia

virulence factors: carbohydrate capsule

mycoplasma pneumonia

lower res tract infection, caused by mycoplasma pneumoniae w/o peptidoglycan layer

known as walking pneumonia

virulence factors: adhesins, CARDS exotoxin, antigenic variation, lacks cell wall, forms biofilm

legionnaires disease

lower res tract infection, caused by legionella pneumophila

transmitted by aerosol, survives macrophages through intracellular replication

virulence factors: secretion system, pili, LPS endotoxin, enzymes, proteases

tuberculosis

lower res tract infection, caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis

involved with mycobacteria, isoniazid and ethambutol only treat mycobacteria

grows slowly and survives immune mechanisms

virulence factors: acid production in cell wall, cord factor (inhibits immune cell migration), granuloma formation in lungs

food poisoning

gastrointestinal disease, caused by intoxication of toxin like staphylococcus, clostridium perfringens and botulinum, and bacillus cereus

staphylococcus aureus

gastrointestinal disease

causes vomiting and diarrhea through inflammation of intestines and stimulation of vomiting center

makes coagulase to help organism clot blood

virulence factors: produces multiple enterotoxins (heat stable toxins)

clostridium perfringens

gastrointestinal disease

endospores found in most foods, contaminates if germinates, self-limiting

can cause gas gangrene

virulence factors: makes enterotoxin, endospore former

bacillus cereus

gastrointestinal disease

virulence factors: endospore former, makes endotoxin once germinate, commonly contaminates rice dishes

enteritis

gastrointestinal disease

inflammation of the intestine, usually small intestine

virulence factors:

salmonellosis

gastrointestinal disease, caused by salmonella enterica

has human and animal carriers, often contaminates meat and dairy

can cause enterocolitis and spread to other organisms

virulence factors: endotoxin, adhesins, ascending infection pattern

typhoid fever

gastrointestinal infection, caused by salmonella typhi

has an ascending infection pattern into the lymph tissue

can spread to multiple organisms

virulence factors: produces endotoxin

shigellosis (bacillary dysentary)

gastrointestinal disease

involves dehydration and electrolyte loss, has four different species

virulence factors: makes endotoxin, makes neurotixin called Shiga toxin that can cause death

cholera

gastrointestinal disease

damages intestinal lining, creates rice water stools where parts of lining are in stool

does well in brackish water

virulence factors: creates endotoxin called cholera toxin

escherichia coli (enteroinvasive strains)

gastrointestinal disease

can lead to lactose intolerance, can cause hole in intestinal tract

virulence factors: make K antigen (adhesins) on plasmids

escherichia coli (enterotoxigenic strains)

gastrointestinal disease

can cause severe dehydration and traveler’s diarrhea

virulence factor: makes enterotoxins carried on plasmids

escherichia coli (enterohemorrhagic strains)

gastrointestinal disease

stays limited to intestinal tract unless it goes to kidneys

virulence factors: produces Shiga like toxin on a plasmid

campylobacter

gastrointestinal disease, often caused by undercooked chicken

results in copious diarrhea from campylobacter organisms

virulence factors: flagella, adhesins, invasins, endotoxins, secretory systems

yersiniosis

gastrointestinal disease, caused by yersinia enterocolitica

contaminates almost any food but prefers marine environments

virulence factors: produces enterotoxin, grows at refrigerator temperature

helicobacter pylori (peptic ulcers)

gastrointestinal disease, linked to stomach cancer

can survive the acidity of stomach by neutralizing it

multiplies in the mucosa

clostridioides difficile

gastrointestinal disease, gram positive organism

major cause of antibiotic-associated and pseudomembranous colitis

all strains produce two toxins

virulence factors: enterotoxins, endospore germination

sepsis

systemic disease

cytokine storm, too much blood vessel dilation

contributes to low blood pressure

septicemia

presence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood

puerperal sepsis

systemic disease, caused by streptococcus pyogenes (GROUP A)

any tear in uterine wall can make way for disease to enter her blood stream

group B streptococci

systemic disease, streptococcus agalactiae

is a teratogenic disease, would become overwhelming for the baby

has the potential to enter the nervous system of the baby and can cause neonatal sepsis with meningitis

rheumatic fever

systemic disease, caused by streptococcus pyogenes

M protein in certain people triggers immune response that causes attacks on the heart tissue (autoimmune)

anthrax

systemic disease, caused by bacillus anthracis

can be transmitted: cutaneous (epithelially), respiratory (breathing in endospores), intestinal (ingested through food)

biological weapon, has endospores

virulence factors: capsules, plasmids carry genes to make toxins that destroy macrophages

gangrene

systemic disease, can be clostridium perfringens (anaerobic endospore former)

grows deep in tissue and cuts off blood supply (ischemia)

virulence factors: produces toxins and enzymes to destroy host cells

plague

systemic disease, caused by yersinia pestis

makes exotoxins that inhibit macrophages and immune system

can cause pneumonic plague when in bloodstream

lyme disease

systemic disease, caused by Borrelia burgdorferi

ticks can transfer deer/rodent organism to humans

early antibiotic treatment is necessary to prevent nerve damage

typhus fever

systemic disease, caused by Rickettsia prowazekii

transmitted through lice bite, can spread easily

rocky mountain spotted fever

systemic disease, caused by Rickettsia rickettsia

transmitted by ticks, exposed to people hiking

takes over quickly

meningitis

nervous system disease, caused by Neisseria meningitidis

symptoms come on rapidly and treatment must be immediate

Haemophilus influenzae B caused meningitis in young children

virulence factors: copious endotoxin, capsule

listeriosis

nervous system disease, caused by Listeria monocytogenes

can cross the placenta and cause abortion, mostly affects immunocompromised

virulence factors: survives macrophages, grows in refrigerator temperatures

tetanus

nervous system disease, caused by Clostridium tetani

endospores infect puncture wound, causes muscle to stay in contraction

virulence factors: exotoxins, spores

botulism

nervous system disease, caused by Clostridium botulinum

can be foodborne if contaminated by neurotoxin on a prophage

many different strains

virulence factor: neurotoxin

rickettsia

systemic disease

must go into our cells to replicate, may destroy brain and heart tissue (nerve damage)

leakage from blood vessels cause lesions called petechiae

inhibits cell wall

penicillin

bacitracin

vancomycin

cephalosporin

inhibits protein synthesis

erythromycin

streptomycin

tetracycline

chloramphenicol

inhibition of nucleic acid replication and transcription

quinolones

rifampin

injury to plasma membrane

polymyxin B

inhibition of essential metabolite synthesis

sulfanilamide

trimethoprim

only works on mycobacteria

isoniazid

ethambutol