us history topics 2 + 3

:((

• President Jackson moves 5 tribes off their land to “Indian territory”

Indian Removal

• to limit conflict

• push Native Americans away

reason for Indian Removal

• settlers wanted to mine

• Native Americans moved to even smaller areas (reservations)

• constant moving made previous way of life difficult

what happens after gold + silver discovered in Indian Territory

• European diseases

• killing buffalo

other threatening developments for Native Americans

• formed to try to end conflict

• forced Native Americans to sign + move to new reservations

Indian Peace Commission

• agent appointed (normally corrupt), responsible for distributing land + supplies to anyone willing to farm

Bureau of Indian Affairs

• many leaders lost

• economy destruction

• becomes harder to resist

why Indian resistance comes to end

• Native Americans welcomed religious revival

• thought ritual would banish white settlers + restore buffalo to Plains

• government officials concerned w/ this practice, orders arrest of Sitting Bull

• leads to massacre

Ghost Dance

policy makers hope that if buffalo go extinct, Native Americans would turn to farmers, and assimilate into “normal” life

assimilation

• encourage Native Americans to become property owners + farmers

• each family gets 160 acres of land (cannot be sold for 25 years)

• tribal practices outlawed, Native American religions discouraged, boarding schools created

Dawes General Allotment Act

• gold

• copper

• silver

growth of mining: West becomes rich w/…

once deposits dried up, people moved to next town

cities were cycle of boom + busts, meaning..

• many no legal law enforcements

• crime was a significant problem

• created unsuccessful vigilance committee to enforce law

• taking water resources from farmers

• dangerous working conditions

concerns of growth of mining

1869

when was the transcontinental railroad completed

• nation tied together

• more products + people

• spurred industrial development

• improved lives of frontier settlers

• stimulated towns + cities growth

effects of railroad

• vast cattle ranches built

• cultivating land = increased rainfall

• stop open range: invention of barbed wire fences in land

• supply of beef exceeds demand

• tumultuous weather

ranching

• gave builders wide stretches of land to sell

• railroads owned by private companies so gov needed to find a way to incentivize companies

land grants

to lure in new immigrants

why railroads advertised land for sale

• provided legal method to acquire clear title to property in the West

• government offered farm plots (160 acres) to anyone willing to live on land for 5 years

• had to dig well + build road, so after 5 years, land would be yours

• facilitated massive land loss and displacement of Native Americans by moving them out and clearing their territories for settlers

Homestead Act

• weather

• lack of water

• lack of trees

struggle for farmers

• California banned cities from employing Chinese

• SF opens segregated “oriental” school

• mobs of whites attack Chinese workers, “took white jobs”

• Congress responds w/ Chinese Exclusion Act

struggles for Chinese

• Mexican group formed to rebel against racist practices

• targeted large ranch owners by cutting holes in barbed wire and burning houses

Las Gorras Blancas

• gave high level jobs to untrustworthy friends + acquaintances

• used positions for greed

Ulysses Grant

plundered millions of dollars from city’s treasury

William “Boss” Tweed

owed his election to secret deal to end Reconstruction

Rutherford B Hayes

most trustworthy president during this time period

Grover Cleveland

• politicians awarded government jobs to loyal party members

• central part of Gilded Age

• first used by Andrew Jackson

spoils system

• worked by winning loyalty of large immigrant groups, promised housing, jobs, solutions

• in large cities, political machines often run by “bosses”/small group of people

• Tammany Hall

• parties developed this method since presidents rarely campaigned

political machines

cartoonist; created cartoons that exposed illegal activities of Boss Tweed + Tammany Hall political machines

Thomas Nast

• under system, most workers get jobs regardless of which party wins

• Garfield assassinated for implementing these reform efforts

Civil Service System

• established Civil Service Commission

• if you wanted to work for government, must take test

Pendleton Civil Service Act

• costs more to produce than sell

• cost of business rose (rise of supply costs)

• had to become tenant farmers (had to rent land, no longer owned land where they were working)

farmers’ debt

• one of the biggest failed banks

• overextended loans to railroad industry

• wave of job loss + other failures

Fall of 1873

• Republicans wanted higher tariffs to protect businesses

• Democrats wanted less tariffs to protect farmers and consumers hurt by them

tariffs (Republican vs Democrat opinion)

• big business

• blamed railroads + banks for difficulties

• banks set unfair rates, railroads set high shipping rates

who farmers blamed

• provide education on new farm techniques

• called for regulation of railroad + grain elevator rates

• organized by Oliver H Kelley (1867)

• Munn vs. Illinois + Wabash vs. Illinois

Granger Movement’s goals

• court ruled against Chicago grain-storage facility (challenged constitutionality of grain price rising)

Munn vs. Illinois

ruled against state regulation

Wabash vs Illinois

• wanted gov to regulate bank interests for loans

• wanted gov to force railroads to lower freight prices

• created in 1870 after Granger declined, but organization linked

Farmers’ Alliance goals

• argued that prices were justified (building expenses + competition)

• had to charge high for profits + jobs

• ICC prohibited several of these practices

railroad response to Farmer’s Alliance

• Farmers Alliance culminated w/ formation of Populist Party (new party!)

• wanted new political party from grassroots; stemming from people’s interests

Populist Party

• warned about corruption, bad monetary supply, unresponsive government

• called for silver coinage

• demanded government to own railroads (combat high costs)

• women’s suffrage (right to vote)

• wins elections in many states + regions, supported

Populism platform

• Populist party chooses to back Bryan

• Republicans portrayed Bryan as a threat to the Republic (fed fires of sectionalism + discontent+ discontent + prejudice to win)

• led to decline of populism

William Jennings Bryan

• impact as a 3rd party inspired others (ex: Progressive Party)

• reforms it advocated for were successful

• graduated income tax

• railroad regulation

• flexible monetary system

• direct Senator election

Populism long term impact

1882

when was Chinese Exclusion Act passed

steerage

cheapest accomodation ticket on a steamship

chain immigration

term for joining family and friends who had already settled in America

1 in 5 children

how many children between 10-16 worked instead of going to school

assimilation

policy that encouraged immigrants to assimilate

1869

when was Transcontinental Railroad completed

5 years

how long did a settler have to live on the plot of land in order to recieve the title (Homestead Act)

spoils system

term for when politicians awarded government jobs to royal party members w/ little record for qualifications

muckraker

term for a journalist who exposes corruption + abuses of power in business + government

silver was abundant in the West

why Populist party pushed for coinage of silver

• invention of barbed wire

• supply of beef exceeding demand

• extreme weather

why open range system came to an end

• belief that industrialization + urbanization causes political + social problems

• it is government’s responsibility to address these problems

Progressivism

• political reform: women suffrage + decline of political machines

• big business: wants more federal government involving in business regulation

• social changes: wealth gap, working conditions, social welfare laws

Progressive Party goals

journalists who expose corruption + power abuse in government + business

muckrakers

• Lincoln Steffens

showed how corrupt politicians won w/ bribe + threats

• Jacob Riis

used photography to show crowded, unsafe, rat infested buildings (tenement)

• Upton Sinclair

showed unsanitary industry conditions + prompted regulations to protect food safety

notable muckrakers

• following Bible teachings about charity + justice, wanted to make society better

• drastic contrast to Social Darwinism

Social Gospel Movement

• founded by Jane Addams

• provided social services to urban poor

• ex: YMCA

settlement houses

provided services to urban poor

YMCA

• led by Florence Kelly

• Keating-Owens Act

banning child labor movement

banned child labor

Keating-Owens Act

• tragic workplace incident

• resulted in passed workers compensation laws

• better working conditions

Triangle Shirtwaist factory

an election where citizens vote to select nominees for upcoming elections

direct primary

voters in state elect senators

17th Amedment

• expected to give wage to husbands, fathers, brothers

• women in rural have little to no education

• no right to vote

• had to take difficult jobs w/ long hours + dangerous conditions

economic + social issues for women

limit number of work hours

Muller v Oregon

• led by Florence Kelly

• give labels on products to show that they were made w/ healthy working conditions

National Consumer League

improve conditions for female factory workers

Women’s Trade Union League

• Temperance movement

• 18th Amendment

• birth control

• anti-lynching campaign

social issues

• moderate to no alcohol consumption

• many women believed alcohol was the cause of domestic violence, crime, and poverty

Temperance movement

banned alcohol

18th Amerndment

• founded by Susan B Anthony + Elizabeth Cady Stanton

• fought for ratification of 19th Amendment

National Suffrage Association (1869)

• founded by Carrie Chapman Catt

• 2 front plans for right to vote: lobby Congress directly + state by state plan

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) (1890)

• founded by Alice Paul

• first group to publicly protest outside White House

National Woman’s Party (1913)

1919

when does 19th Amendment pass

• how immigrants can be more “American’

Americanization

• taught immigrants English

• advised how to dress

• replaced foods + customs w/ Protestant practices

how settlement houses + YMCA play a role in Americanization

• told African Americans to move slowly to racial progress

• prove themselves to the white man

• to work hard + achieve economic independence

Booker T. Washington belief

• believed African Americans should demand rights, or they would become permanent victims of racism

• public protest

W.E.B. Du Bois belief

aimed to help African Americans in legal system

NAACP

employment agencies to help African Americans get jobs

Urban League

established in response to Anti-Semitism for Jew political rights

Anti-Defamation League

Mexican Americans’ same service as Urban League (employment)

Partido Liberal Mexicano

gave loans + legal assistance for Mexican Americans, insurance programs for sick

Mutualistas

gave Native Americans full voting rights

American Indian Citizenship Act of 1924

• William McKinley

• Theodore Roosevelt

• William Howard Taft

• Woodrow Wilson

order of presidents in time period chronologically

• first governor of New York

• pushed progressive reforms, becomes VP

• McKinley assassinated

• Teddy becomes president

how Teddy became president

• Roosevelt intervened as arbitrator

• 9 hour work day + 10% raise

1902 Coal Strike

• federal government has power to inspect meat that crosses state lines

• required federal inspection of meat processing plants

Meat Inspection Act

• banned interstate shipment of impure food

• stop mislabelling of food + drugs

Pure Food + Drug Act

planned management of natural resources became a growing policy

Yosemite National Park establishment result

gave federal government power to decide where + how water would be distributed

National Reclamation Act

• works w/ progressive agenda (but didn’t get much done…)

• Mann-Elkins act (set railroad prices)

• 16th Amendment (income tax)

• attacked all trusts

Taft as Progressive President

tax on income

16th amendment

• didn’t get much of Progressive agenda accomplished

• Roosevelt thinks Taft wasn’t doing enough, decides to run again, forms Bull Moose Party

result of Taft’s presidency

• side branch of Progressive Party created by Teddy Roosevelt

• led to division of voter opinions

Bull Moose Party

• Theodore Roosevelt, Howard Taft, Woodrow Wilson

• Wilson wins (all Democrats vote for him, Republicans split between Roosevelt ant Taft)

1912 election