Names history of European colonization (HDC)

Kublai Khan

• 13th c

• Emperor => expansion of the Mongol empire

• tatar’s assimilation and adaption to Chinese culture and traditions

Jürgen Osterhammel

• colony = a new political organization created by invasion

  => alien rulers are in sustained dependence on geographically remote ‘mother country’/imperial center (metropole) which claims exclusive rights of possession of the colony = claims political power

• 3 elements colony

  1. invasion

  2. remote mother country

  3. exclusive rights of possession

• colonialism = relationship of domination between indigenous (or forcibly imported) majority and minority of foreign invaders, fundamental decisions made and implemented by colonial rulers, colonizers convinced of own superiority and ordained mandate to rule

• 3 elements colonialism

  1. domination

  2. distant metropolis

  3. ordained mandate

Charles V

• 1500-1558

• European monarch

• vast empire

• ruler of Spanish empire

Columbus

• 1451-1506 (late 15th c)

• reaches america 1492

• Italian explorer sponsored by Spain

• voyages across the sea

• European exploration of America

• columbian exchange

James Cook

• late 18th c

• A British explorer, navigator and cartographer

• three major voyages in the discovery of the pacific ocean

• He made MAPS

Ibn Battuta

• middle 14th c

• Moroccan explorer

• traveled extensively across the Islamic world

Ma Huan

• 15th c

• worked for Cheng-Ho

• Chinese voyager and translator

• valuable insight in the international relations of the Ming Dynasty

Marco Polo

• 1254-1324

• Not really colonization more exploration, Asia

• brought European interest in Asia and influenced later explorers.

Cheng-Ho (Zhèng Hé)

• 1405-1431

• Maritime exploration during Ming empire

David Landes

• 1998

• Early starter theery European colonization: “For the last 1000 years Europe has been the prime mover of development and modernity”

• book the wealth and poverty of nations (1998)

Immanuel Wallerstein

• 1974

• Early starter: 16th century: rise of one single capitalist world economy

  • North-western Europe: core (prime mover)

  • rest of europe: semi-periphery (provided corn, food, coal)

  • rest of the world: periphery

• book the modern world-system (1974-1989), book world system analysis

Kenneth Pomeranz

• core areas in 18th century Old World

  • NW Europe and Chinese and Japanese cores

• critic early starter theory: China and Europe have a lot of similarities

  • life expectancy, consumption, markets,…

  • economy and development were much more similar than previous historians had realised

• divergence in early 19th century

  • European shortage of energy:

    timber —> coal —> steam —> industrial revolution

  • East asian hinterlands boomed

    —> prevented need for innovation

• book The Great Divergence

John Darwin

• Followed Kenneth, a lot of resemblances-> Eurasian world of surprising resemblances

• “before 1800 what really stood out was not the sharp economic contrast between Europe and Asia, but on the contrary, a Eurasian world of surprising resemblances”

• book After Tamerland. the rise and fall of global empires 1400-2000 (2007)

• combination of causes for imperialism

  • book English historical review (1997)

  • Agressively interventionist ideology

    • Free trade, utilitarianism, christianity, abolitionism

  • New appetites in culture and consumption

  • Coalition of economic forces: credits - cheap exports - migrants

  • Maritime and military superiority

David Abernethy

• compromise early starters and critics

• 5 phases:

  • Expansion (1415-1773)

  • First decolonization (1775-1824)

  • Second colonization (1824-1912)

  • Consolidation (1914 – 1939)

  • Second decolonization (1940-1980)

• book the dynamics of global dominance: European overseas empires 1914-1980 (2000)

• combination of causes for imperialism = 3 sectors in the metropole: public, private and religious

  • will to expand (all three sectors) => motives: profit, power and spreading religious beliefs.

  • capacity to expand (all three sectors): monarchs, trading companies, missionary bodies

  • expanded independently

• => vs china: much capacity and collaboration to expand but no will

  => vs arab: much will no capacity

Anthony G. Hopkins

• 4 stages

  • Archaic globalized networks

  • Proto globalization

  • High imperialism

  • Postcolonial era

• book globalization in World history (2002)

Jared Diamond

• Eurasia: long east west distances => more homogeneity and exchange

  • vs different climates in africa

  • vs different latitudes in america

• benefits

  • more exchange and wheat varieties

  • more domesticated animal species

  • food supply —> dense populations —> division of labour

• book Guns Gems and Steel: a short history of everybody for the last 13000 years

  => why are some societies more technological advanced -> he argues that geography plays a role

Tonio Andrade

• book the gunpowder age

• emphasises European and Chinese similarity just as Pomeranz

• China used to be very superior with gunpowder = Ming was first gunpowder empire

  => only in 14th c European classic gun so China prevailed in all early conflicts

• great military divergence: 1760-1840

  • Europe increasingly innovated

    • ships, renaissance fortress, industrial revolution

  • China lost position (no incentives for innovation)

    • peace under Ming and High Qing

    • dysfunctional state under late Qing

John A Hobson

• Imperialism has all to do with economy and capitalism

• “imperialism is the endeavour of the great controllers of industry to broaden the channel for the flow of their surplus wealth by seeking foreign markets and foreign investments to take off the goods and capital they cannot sell or use at home”

• book Imperialism: a study (1902)

Vladimir Ilich Lenin

• “imperialism is capitalism in that stage of development in which the domination of monopolies and finance capital has taken shape; in which the export of capital has acquired pronounced importance; in which the division of the world by the international trusts has begun and in which the partition of all the territory of the earth by the greatest capitalist countries has been completed”

• book imperialism: the highest stage of capitalism (1916-17)

P.J Cain & A. G. Hopkins

• 1993

• British imperialism = driven by the business interests of the City of London

• “gentlemanly capitalism”

Ronald Robinson & John Gallagher

• on imperialism in Africa

• Political and strategic movements behind European imperialism.

  • reluctant because of the activities of others

  • to secure against instability

• Role of politicians and policy makers in shaping imperial policies, importance of local resistance

  • politicians rather than masses

  • local administrators rather than metropole politicians

• book Africa and The Victorians

Max Weber

• cultural causes of colonization

• book die protestantische ethik und des “geist” des kapitalismus

• Active and rationalizing mentality, bureaucracy, legal state, science capitalism, property, freedom, discipline, individual initiative => unique to European Protestantism

• european protestantism as most successful

  • vs confucianism (China): inactive => failed to turn their inventions (printing,…) into a superiority, capitalize them

  • vs islam: irrational => more active but fex took their religion to literally and didn’t analyze and discuss it enough (christianity is base for philosophy)

  • vs hinduism: inactive & irrational

Rudyard Kipling

• British-Indian author => on British colonization

• 1907 nobel prize in literature

• The man who would be King (1888), the jungle book (1894) and Kim (1901)

• “the white mans burden, the duty of the white to civilize the world”

Joseph Schumpeter

• Austrian early 20th century (after collapse Habsburg empire, time of decline European imperialism)

• Colonialism is irrational in economic terms:

  • Drain of resources from development.

  • Military advantages without a lot of economic return

• social and psychological explanation (if irrational)

  • objectless expansion: behaviour learned from other nations and institutionalized by a “warrior” class

  • atavistic (tendency of species to return to ancestors features (ex tailbone that comes from forefathers) => tendency to fight/compete) and anachronistic

  • vs modernity: cosmopolitan and peaceful

• book: the sociology of imperialism (1919)

Bernard Porter

• book: the absent-minded Imperialists: empire, society and culture in Britain (2005)

• imperialism not driven by ratio => British empire created by series of incidences

• Empire had a far lower profile in Britain than it did abroad

Jon E. WIlson

• chaotic imperialism

• book: india conquered: britain’s raj and the chaos of empire (2016)

• Beneath the glorious British Rule in India was anxious fragile and fostered chaos, oscillated between paranoid paralysis and occasional moments of extreme violence

Niall ferguson

• 6 killer factors/care applications for European civilization:

  • Competition (economy, politics)

  • Science (culture)

  • Property

  • Medicine

  • Consumption

  • Work ethics

• the West and the rest

Edward Said

• postcolonial thinker

• 1935-2003

• Palestinian origin

• Orientalism, the orient is seen as the inferior other,

  • an esthetic movement

  • an outdated academic discipline

  • discourse of knowledge.

• orient as inferior (and homogeneous) “other”

• Stereotypical essentialization

Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak

• postcolonial

• 1942-

• from India

• book: can the subaltern speak?

• Subalternity => Subaltern: other to the other (most marginalized groups in society)

  • Oppressor – oppressed

  • Colonizer-colonized

  • Self-other

    ==> Example the sati widow burning.

    • British say misogynistic. (barbaric)

    • Indian elite: the free will of truly Indian women (loyalty of the wives

      <=> women don’t get to speak for themselves = subaltern

Homi K. Bhabha

• postcolonial

• 1949-

• hybridity

  • New transcultural forms via the contact zone produced by colonization

  • against the idea of putity and originality, helps to overcome exotism

  • He challenges the binary oppositions “colonizer-colonized”

  • highlights the fluidity and ambivalence of cultural identities in postcolonial context

• mimicry => understand colonized reactions towards colonization

  • imitation (forced and volunatry)

    • sometimes close to mockery

  • concept to complexify “simple” relationship colonized-colonizer

    • displays lack of colonial control

    • complicity and resistance within the colonized

Aníbal Quijano

• 1930-2018

• decolonial studies

• Colonialidad

  • coloniality of knowledge: colonial societies have banished indigeneous forms of knowledge from their archives and rejected the media in which this knowledge was transported

    ==> knowledge became and has remained colonial

• Colonial matrix of power:

  • economic: land, labor, finance

  • political: state, military

  • civic: christian family values

  • epistemic: control of knowledge and subjectivity, including christian and modern rational thought and the devaluation of non-western cosmologies and epistemologies

• Coloniality is not opposed to modernity, coloniality does not precede modernity

María Lugones

• 1944 -2020

• agreed with Quijano and Mignolo

• Coloniality of gender

  • Need to include gender analysis in modernity/ coloniality

• Intersectionality (overlap of race gender and wealth)

  • combination of overlapping opressions (race, gender,…) = interconnection

Walter Mignolo

• 1941-

• Colonialism was in specific historical periods and places of imperial domination

• coloniality

  • the logical structure of colonial domination

  • Latin American colonialism ended in the 19th century, but coloniality remains until today

• decoloniality

  • aims to counter/deconstruct coloniality

  • want to bring change => seen as more radical

James Blaut

• eight eurocentric historians

• “false history and bad geography”

• opposes idea of geographical advantage europe

• also disagrees with other causes (culture,…)

• causes beyond Europe => “rise of Europe cannot be explained in the Eurocentric way”

Jean Stengers and Jean Velut

• early historians writing about congo

• 1960s-1970s

Adam Hochschild

• 2000s

• King Leopold’s ghost

Ludo de Witte

• 2000s

• de moord op lumumba

David van Reybroeck

• 2010

• congo een geschiedenis

• very white, Eurocentric narrative

Diogo Cao

• Portuguese explorer

• explored congo river 1483

Bartolomeu Dias

• Portuguese explorer

• reached cape of good hope 1487

• hoped to circumvent Africa and reach India

Henry the navigator

• late 14th till 15th century

• obsessed with naval travel and supported trips

• Portuguese exploration in Africa first Ceuta 1415, all the way to Cape of good hope 

Vasco Da Gama

• 1460-1524 

• Portuguese explorer in the age of discoveries.

• Reached Calicut in India 1498

Alfonso de Albuquerque

• 1510 : Goa in India  

• established estado da india with Goa as capital of Portuguese empire

Pedro Alvares Cabral  

• Portugues

• reached brazil 1500

• not only for trade but also plantations 

King sebastian 

• 16^th century monarch of Portugal

• loss of independence to Spain, defeated by monarch

• +- Fall off the Portuguese empire 

Amerigo Vespucci

• Spanish explorer born in Italy.

• His legacy endured with the continents of North and South America bearing his contribution

Hernán Cortès

• spanish conquistador

• New Spain

• defeated Mayans & Aztecs 1519-21

Francisco Pizarro

• Spanish conquistador

• defeated Incas 1524-32

• New Grenada & Peru

Magellan

• Spanish

• reached the Philippines 1521

• first to circumvent the globe

Willem barentsz  

• 1594-97

• Dutch explorer looking for new trade routes to India

• Reached “spitsbergen” Norway island and wintered on Nova Zembla 

• Northeastern passage

Henry Hudson

• 1565-1611

• The northwestern passage, Quest for new trade routes to Asia. 

• did not find northwestern passage

• 2 trips looking for passage to india:

  • 1609: for the dutch VOC => New York (Hudson river)

  • 1610: for england => Canada (hudson bay)

    —> killed by crew

Peter Minuit

• purchased Manhattan Island

• Dutch

Jan Huygen van Linschoten

• 1563-1611

• Itinerario 1596

• after failures of northwestern and northeastern => went to Portuguese for information (experience, information from arabs,…)

• Southeastern passage

• travels to the dutch east Indies (modern day Indonesia) 

• kickstart golden age VOC

Coxinga 

• The Voc went to the trade post in Taiwan – but were driven by Coxinga 

Jan Van Riebeeck

• 1652

• Resupply point in Cape colony For VOC 

Willem Jansz

• beginning 17th c

• expedition (1605-06) exploration around Australia “new holland” 

Abel tasman

• middle 17th c

• Tasmania

• Around Australia “new Holland” 

Piet hein 

• Piracy in the WIC

• Piet Hein and the Silver Fleet

• captured a ship from spain full with gold and silver. 

John Cabot

• 1451-1498

• Exploration of Newfoundland (by Canada)  1497

Francis Drake

• English

• 1577-80 world travel (California) = circumvented the globe

• piracy = attcked spanish silver fleet

• defeats Armada in war with Spain 1588

Henry Morgan

• 1660s

• piracy and raids

• 1655 governor of Jamaica

Oliver Cromwell 

• 17th c, interregnum, lord protector of the commonwealth of england, scotland and ireland

• Participated in the Anglo dutch Wars  

  • Expansion of naval fleet (doubled!!) 

  • Navigation acts (restricted foreign ships for trade with England and its colonies) 

Maarten Tromp

• dutch naval power in 17th century in anglo dutch wars 

• defeated England

Michiel de Ruyter

• dutch naval power in Dutch wars 

• defeated England

Jacques Cartier

• French in Canada and explored the st lawrence river 

Samuel de Champelain 

• French explorer that founded Quebec 1608

Cavalier de La Salle

• 1643-1687

• sails Mississippi river => french claim large territory