Methodlogies/Method

Represent or explain a system physically, conceptually or mathematically

Modelling: Describes or represents a system’s structure, relationships, or rules. It is used to explain or predict behaviour within certain assumptions.

Test scenarios or run ‘what-if’ trials by changing model parameters 

Simulation: Actively uses a model to test behaviour under controlled or hypothetical conditions when real-world manipulation is impractical.

Explore or document one event, person, or system in depth 

Case Study: Collect rich real-world data when manipulation is unethical, unsafe, or impossible. They describe and interpret, not test causation.

Measure the effect of one variable while controlling others 

Controlled Experiment: Experiments manipulate the independent variable to establish causal relationships under controlled conditions. 

Observe phenomena in their natural environment 

Field Study: Prioritise real-world context over variable control; they identify natural patterns.

Describe relationships between naturally varying factors 

Correlational (Observational) Study: Identify associations between variables without manipulation; they suggest relationships but not cause.

Group or categorise phenomena based on shared features 

Classification / Identification: organises phenomena into categories based on characteristics, not relationships or causes.

Design, build, or optimise a solution to meet human needs 

Product, Process, or System Development: This methodology applies scientific principles to design or optimise performance rather than to test natural laws. 

Combine, evaluate, and compare results from many studies 

Literature review (Systematic Review or Meta-Analysis): Reviews aggregate existing evidence to build consensus or determine overall effect size and reliability.