APUSH TIME PERIOD 1 FIVE W's
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95 Terms
Who was the Hohokam?
A Native American culture in the American Southwest
What was the Hohokam known for?
Building vast irrigation canal systems to farm maize in the arid desert
When did the Hohokam culture thrive?
~500–1450 C.E.
Where was the Hohokam located?
Present-day Arizona (American Southwest)
Why is the Hohokam significant?
Demonstrated advanced engineering and agricultural adaptation to harsh desert environments long before European arrival
Who was the Pueblo (Anasazi)?
A Southwestern Native American culture
What was the Pueblo culture known for?
Constructing multi-story adobe structures and cliff dwellings
When did the Pueblo culture flourish in the Southwest?
~700–1300s C.E.
Where was the Pueblo culture centered?
The Four Corners region (American Southwest)
Why are the Pueblo people significant?
Highlighted complex architectural developments and defensive adaptations against drought and rival groups
Who was the Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee)?
An alliance of northeastern Native American tribes
What was the Iroquois Confederacy known for?
Operating under a political union governed by a matrilineal kinship and council system
When was the Iroquois Confederacy formed?
Prior to European contact (~1400s C.E.)
Where was the Iroquois Confederacy located?
Present-day Upstate New York / Northeast woodland region
Why is the Iroquois Confederacy significant?
Established a powerful political union that influenced regional diplomacy, trade, and colonial interactions for centuries
Who lived in Cahokia?
The Mississippian mound-building culture
What was Cahokia?
The largest urban center in pre-contact North America, home to tens of thousands
When was Cahokia at its peak power?
~1000–1200 C.E.
Where was Cahokia located?
Near modern-day St. Louis, Missouri
Why is Cahokia significant?
Serves as prime evidence of complex, large-scale, pre-contact urban societies in North America before environmental collapse
Who were the Aztecs (Mexica)?
A Mesoamerican civilization
What was the Aztec Empire?
A powerful empire built on military conquest, tribute systems, and advanced chinampa agriculture
When did the Aztec Empire rule?
~1325–1521 C.E.
Where was the Aztec Empire located?
Mesoamerica (Capital: Tenochtitlán, present-day Mexico City)
Why is the Aztec Empire significant?
Represented one of the most populated and sophisticated urban civilizations in the Americas prior to its conquest by Cortés
Who were the Incas?
A South American Andean civilization
What was the Incan Empire?
A vast empire famous for terraced mountain agriculture, extensive road networks, and centralized rule
When did the Incan Empire exist?
~1400s–1532 C.E.
Where was the Incan Empire located?
The Andes Mountains of South America (Capital: Cuzco, present-day Peru)
Why is the Incan Empire significant?
Constructed the largest empire in pre-Columbian America without draft animals or the wheel before conquest by Pizarro
Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?
A Portuguese royal
What did Prince Henry the Navigator do?
Established a center for navigation, mapmaking, and ship design
When was Prince Henry the Navigator active?
Mid-15th century (1394–1460)
Where was Prince Henry the Navigator based?
Portugal
Why is Prince Henry the Navigator significant?
Catalyzed the Age of Discovery by funding West African coastal exploration and refining oceanic sailing technologies like the caravel
Who was Christopher Columbus?
A Genoese navigator funded by Spain
What did Christopher Columbus do?
Sailed west across the Atlantic to find a sea route to Asia, making landfall in the Americas
When did Christopher Columbus make his first voyage?
1492
Where did Christopher Columbus land?
The Bahamas, Hispaniola, and the wider Caribbean
Why is Christopher Columbus significant?
Initiated permanent contact between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, launching European colonization and global imperial trade
Who was involved in the Treaty of Tordesillas?
Spain and Portugal (sanctioned by Pope Alexander VI)
What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?
A papal treaty dividing newly non-Christian lands between Spain and Portugal via a meridian line
When was the Treaty of Tordesillas signed?
1494
Where did the Treaty of Tordesillas apply?
Global spheres of influence outside Europe (notably granting Brazil to Portugal and the rest of the Americas to Spain)
Why is the Treaty of Tordesillas significant?
Prevented early military conflict between European powers and determined language and cultural control in Latin America
Who was involved in the Columbian Exchange?
Global populations across the Old World (Europe, Africa, Asia) and New World (Americas)
What was the Columbian Exchange?
The transatlantic transfer of plants, animals, diseases, technologies, and human populations
When did the Columbian Exchange begin?
Post-1492 (following Columbus’s first voyage)
Where did the Columbian Exchange take place?
Globally across the Atlantic Ocean
Why is the Columbian Exchange significant?
Re-shaped global demographics, diets, and economies—causing massive native depopulation alongside global population growth from new crops
Who was affected by the Great Dying?
Indigenous American populations (caused by Eurasian pathogens carried by Europeans)
What was the Great Dying?
The catastrophic demographic collapse of up to 90% of Native Americans due to infectious diseases like smallpox
When did the Great Dying occur?
16th century (post-1492)
Where did the Great Dying occur?
Throughout the entire Americas
Why is the Great Dying significant?
Eradicated vast native populations, dismantling local political structures and creating a labor shortage that fueled the transatlantic slave trade
Who was involved in the Encomienda System?
Spanish conquistadors/settlers and Indigenous peoples
What was the Encomienda System?
A Spanish legal grant giving settlers land and forced labor rights over Native Americans in exchange for converting them to Christianity
When was the Encomienda System created?
Early 16th century
Where was the Encomienda System implemented?
Spanish American colonies
Why is the Encomienda System significant?
Created an exploitative socio-economic hierarchy that laid the groundwork for plantation and mining-based forced labor systems
Who issued and faced the Requerimiento?
Issued by Spanish authorities to Indigenous peoples
What was the Requerimiento?
A Spanish legal declaration read to Native Americans demanding submission to the Catholic Church and Spanish Crown under threat of war/enslavement
When was the Requerimiento created?
1513
Where was the Requerimiento used?
Spanish territories across the Americas
Why is the Requerimiento significant?
Provided a hypocritical moral and legal justification for Spanish conquest and forced subjugation
Who was Hernán Cortés?
A Spanish conquistador
What did Hernán Cortés do?
Allied with native rivals to overthrow the Aztec Empire
When did Hernán Cortés conquer the Aztecs?
1519–1521
Where did Hernán Cortés operate?
Mesoamerica (Tenochtitlán / modern-day Mexico)
Why is Hernán Cortés significant?
Secured vast wealth for Spain, established New Spain, and demonstrated the devastating impact of European weapons, alliances, and disease on Native empires
Who was Bartolomé de las Casas?
A Dominican friar and former Spanish encomendero
What did Bartolomé de las Casas do?
Became an outspoken defender of Indigenous human rights who exposed colonial atrocities to the Spanish Crown
When was Bartolomé de las Casas active?
Mid-16th century (~1510s–1566)
Where did Bartolomé de las Casas advocate?
New Spain and Valladolid, Spain
Why is Bartolomé de las Casas significant?
Exposed Spanish atrocities in the Americas, influenced the New Laws, and challenged natural slavery arguments in the Valladolid Debate
Who participated in the Valladolid Debate?
Bartolomé de las Casas vs. Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda (organized by King Charles V)
What was the Valladolid Debate?
The first formal moral and theological debate in Europe regarding the treatment, rights, and humanity of Indigenous peoples
When did the Valladolid Debate take place?
1550–1551
Where was the Valladolid Debate held?
Valladolid, Spain
Why is the Valladolid Debate significant?
Highlighted early European ideological conflicts over imperialism, racism, and natural rights