AP BIO Unit 1

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-COOH

Carboxyl Group

-NH2

Amino Group

Most diverse; structural, storage, contractive, enzymes, etc.

Proteins

DNA and RNA

Nucleic Acids

-OH

Hydroxyl Group

\

C=O

/

Carbonyl Group

Cholesterol, fats, waxes, and steroids

Lipids

Long-term energy storage, insulation, and building block of hormones 

Lipids

Hemoglobin, keratin, and antibodies

Proteins

Fatty acids and glycerol

Lipids

C, H, O, N, S

Proteins

Amino Acids

Proteins

C, H, O, N, P

Nucleic Acids

-OPO3^-2

Phosphate Group

C, H, O, P

Lipids

-SH

Sulfhydryl Group

C, H, O

Carbohydrates

Sugars and Starches

Carbohydrates

Store and share genetic information

Nucleic Acids

Monosaccharides

Carbohydrates

Nucleotides

Nucleic Acids

Cellular energy and support

Carbohydrates

The creation of a new bond by removing a water molecule

Dehydration Synthesis

Breaking of a bond by adding a water molecule

Hydrolysis 

Water molecules being attracted to each other

Cohesion

Water molecules being attracted to other molecules

Adhesion

A measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid (caused by cohesion)

Surface Tension

The bonds on the inside of a water molecule

Covalent Bonds

The bonds between water molecules

Hydrogen bonds

Why does water have the temperature moderation ability?

High specific heat and high heat of vaporization

Something doing the dissolving

Solvent

Something being dissolved

Solute

Loves water (polar)

Hydrophilic

Hates water (non-polar)

Hydrophobic

What element is the building block of life?

Carbon

-ose indicates what?

Sugars

-ase indicates what?

Enzymes

How many bonds can Carbon have?

4

What chemical group acts like an acid?

Carboxyl Group

What chemical group acts like a base?

Amino Group

What chemical groups are found in proteins?

Amino Group and Carboxyl Group

Contains only hydrogen and carbon; undergoes reactions that release a lot of energy.

Hydrocarbon

Same molecular formulas with different structures and properties 

Isomers

Form the skeleton of most organic molecules 

Carbon chains

Name for one “sugar”

MONOsaccharides

Name for two “sugars”

DIsaccharides

Name for many “sugars”

POLYsaccharides

A covalent bond between 2 monosaccharides

Glycosidic Linkage

C6H12O6

Glucose

Unbranched molecule that is the main component of plants’ cell walls 

Cellulose

Has a “nitrogen  and main” and main component for exoskeletons and fungi cell walls

Chitin

Molecule used to store energy in animal cells

Glycogen

Molecule used to store energy in plant cells

Starch

What does the Methyl Group affect?

Expression of genes

Small; single units that can bond to others to form large chains

Monomer

Larger molecules made of bonded monomers

Polymers

What type of solvent is water?

A universal solvent

What type of solution does water make

Aqueous (aq)

What charge is the oxygen side of water?

Negative

What charge is the hydrogen side of water?

Positive

Amino Group

Carbonyl Group

Phosphate Group

Hydroxyl Group

Methyl Group

Carboxyl Group

Sulfhydryl Group

-CH3

Methyl Group

The only biomolecule that doesn’t have true monomers

Lipids

Bonds between fats

Ester Linkage

Only single bonds between carbons; animal fats (more solid at room temp)

Saturated Fats

At least one double bond between carbons; plant fats (more liquid at room temp)

Unsaturated Fats

Precursor to all other steroids

Cholesterol

What structure does a steroid have?

4 Fused Rings

A molecule with a polar and non-polar region

Amphipathic

Main component of a cell membrane with polar heads and non polar tails

Phospholipid bilayer

Made of a phosphate group and a 5-carbon sugar

DNA backbone

Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil

Pyrimidines

Adenine and guanine

Purines

When is uracil used?

In RNA, paired with adenine

How many bonds do A-T have?

2

How many bonds does G-C have?

3

What bonds do nitrogen bases use?

Hydrogen bonds

What directions do DNA strands point to?

Opposite 5’-3’ directions. ANTIPARALLEL

How many R-groups are there?

~20

The sequence of amino acids determined by inherited genetic information.

Primary Structure

The formation of alpha-helix or beta-sheets and hydrogen bonds between different amino acids.

Secondary Structure

The overall shape of a polypeptides resulting from the R-group interactions. Includes: H-bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions.

Tertiary Structure

Results when 2 or more polypeptide chains interact/combine EX: hemoglobin

Quaternary Structure

What determines function?

SHAPE