chapter 1 apush review

Beringia

A land bridge connecting Asia and North America during the Ice Age that early peoples likely used to migrate into the Americas.

Cahokia

A large Mississippian city near present-day St. Louis, famous for its large mounds.

Iroquois Confederacy

A political alliance of Native peoples in the Northeast.

Pueblo Peoples

Native peoples of the Southwest known for farming, irrigation, and pueblo/adobe settlements.

God, Gold, and Glory

The three major motivations for European exploration: spreading Christianity, gaining wealth, and increasing power.

Caravel

A small, maneuverable sailing ship improved by the Portuguese that helped Europeans explore the Atlantic and African coast.

Christopher Columbus

European explorer who reached the Americas in 1492 while searching for a route to Asia.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, people, diseases, and goods between the Americas and Europe/Africa after 1492.

American Crops

Corn, potatoes, tomatoes, cacao, and tobacco were important crops that originated in the Americas.

European/African Introductions

Horses, cattle, pigs, wheat, sugar, and diseases were brought to the Americas from Europe/Africa.

Smallpox

A European disease that caused massive Native American population losses because Native peoples lacked immunity.

Hernán Cortés

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire.

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire.

Tenochtitlán

The capital of the Aztec Empire.

Why did the Spanish conquer Native empires?

Disease, Spanish weapons and technology, Native allies, and divisions among Native peoples helped the Spanish conquer them.

Treaty of Tordesillas

An agreement dividing areas of exploration and colonization between Spain and Portugal.

Encomienda

A Spanish colonial system that allowed colonists to demand labor and tribute from Native Americans while supposedly protecting and Christianizing them.

Mestizos

People of mixed European and Native American ancestry.

Why did Spain establish colonies?

To gain wealth, land, resources, power, and spread Christianity.

St. Augustine

A Spanish settlement founded in Florida in 1565 to strengthen Spanish control and protect shipping routes.

Pueblo Revolt of 1680

A Native uprising against Spanish rule in New Mexico.

Why did the Pueblo peoples revolt?

They resisted Spanish religious control, labor demands, and colonial rule.

Black Legend

European propaganda portraying Spain as especially cruel and brutal toward Native Americans.

Effect of European diseases

European diseases caused enormous Native American population declines.

Effect of the Columbian Exchange on Europe

American crops such as potatoes and corn increased food supplies and contributed to population growth.

Effect of Spanish conquest

Spain gained land, wealth, silver/gold, and a large colonial empire.

Geography and Native American societies

Different environments caused Native groups to develop different economies, foods, homes, and ways of life.

Peopling of the Americas

Early peoples migrated from Asia into the Americas, likely through Beringia and possibly along coastal routes.

Why were Native American societies diverse?

Different environments required different adaptations and ways of life.

Portuguese exploration of Africa

Portugal explored Africa to find trade routes and obtain gold, slaves, and other valuable goods.

Encomienda purpose

To provide Spanish colonists with Native labor and tribute while claiming to Christianize and protect Native people.