Chapter 6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues practice flashcards

Calculated vocabulary flashcards covering skeletal tissue types, bone anatomy, histology, ossification, remodeling, and bone disorders.

Hyaline cartilage

Provides support with flexibility and resilience; covers the ends of most bones at movable joints and supports the external nose.

Elastic cartilage

Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility; found in the external ear and the epiglottis.

Fibrocartilage

Resists compression and provides great tensile strength; found in the disc joining hip bones anteriorly and the menisci of the knee.

Interstitial growth

Growth in which new cartilage grows from within existing cartilage tissue.

Appositional growth

Growth in which new cartilage tissue is added at the periphery of existing cartilage tissue; also the process by which bones grow in thickness.

Axial skeleton

Includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

Appendicular skeleton

Consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles that attach the limbs to the trunk.

Diaphysis

The shaft of a long bone.

Epiphysis

The ends of a long bone.

Periosteum

The outer membrane or covering of a bone.

Endosteum

The internal membrane lining the canal system of bones.

Red bone marrow

Responsible for blood cell formation.

Osteon

Structure found in compact bone consisting of a central canal and concentric lamellae.

Trabeculae

Small needle-like or flat pieces of bone that form a honeycomb structure in spongy bone.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells that monitor and maintain the bone matrix; located in chambers called lacunae.

Canaliculi

Tiny canals filled with tissue fluid and containing extensions of bone cells.

Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells that secrete the bone matrix.

Osteoclasts

Cells that resorb or break down bone.

Endochondral ossification

A process where bone develops from a hyaline cartilage model.

Intramembranous ossification

A process where a bone develops from a fibrous membrane; typically forms flat bones like the frontal bone.

Epiphyseal plate

The site where long bones grow in length.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A hormone released in response to low blood calcium levels that stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone.

Hematoma

The first stage in the healing of a closed fracture, involving the formation of a mass of clotted blood.

Spiral fracture

A common sports fracture where the bone breaks due to excessive twisting forces.

Greenstick fracture

A common child fracture where the bone breaks incompletely, much like a green twig breaks.

Comminuted fracture

A fracture where the bone fragments into three or more pieces; more common in older adults.

Osteoporosis

A disorder where bone resorption outpaces bone deposit, resulting in decreased bone density; common in postmenopausal females.

Paget’s disease

Characterized by excessive and abnormal bone deposit and resorption, resulting in an abnormally high ratio of spongy bone to compact bone.

Rickets

A disorder in children where bones are soft and weak, often causing bowed legs and deformities of the pelvis, skull, and rib cage.

Osteomalacia

A condition in which bones are poorly mineralized, soft, and weak, caused by insufficient calcium or vitamin D deficiency.