CSET Multiple Subject Subtest 1: History and Social Science World History Set

The Near East

Comprised the Tigris & Euphrates Valley, the Fertile Crescent, and The Nile Valley. They had the first system of independent states and writing. Architectural achievements are the ziggurat & pyramid. the first codification of law. the first lasting monotheism.

The Summarians

creators of the Mesopotamia civiliztion. Large scale irrigation projects, advanced system of mathematics and the invention of the wheel.

Ziggurat

a rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians and was the center of community life.

The Babalonians

The Hitties, the Assyrians, Chaldeans, and the Phoenicians. Centralized Government and advancements in algebra and geometry.

The Code of Hammurabi

a collection of laws covering crimes, farming, business activities, and marriage and family. Many of the punishments were cruel, but the code was an important step in the development of a justice system

The Hittites

2000-1200 B.C. conquered much of Asia Minor & northern Mesopotamia; a major contribution included the invention of iron smelting, which revolutionized warfare.

The Assyrians

created an empire based on military superiority, conquest, and terrorism (911-550 B.C.) -Military techniques included siege warfare, intimidation, and the use of iron weapons. Created a centralized government, a postal service, an extensive library, and a system of highways.

The Chaldeans

Established the new Babylonian Empire under Nebuchadnezzar (605-538 B.C.)-Conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine Developed astrology, astronomy, advanced government bureaucracy, and architectural achievements such as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.

The Persians

-Attempted to unify the entire Near East under one rule (500s B.C.)

-Established an international government

-Zoroastrianism, an ethical religion based on concepts of good and evil

-Failed to conquer the Greeks; Persia was eventually conquered by Alexander the Great (334-331 B.C.)

The Phoenicians

-Became the first explorers, traders, and colonizers of the ancient world; their civilization reached its peak in 1000 B.C.

-Greatest seafaring civilization in the ancient world

-Developed extensive trade networks throughout the Mediterranean and set up distant trade networks and trading colonies such as Tyre and Sidon

-Invented the first true alphabet

-Dominated the Mediterranean commerce and exported manufactured glass and purple dye (royal purple)

The Lydians

-Occupied western Asia Minor (500s B.C.)

-Their culture reached its zenith under King Croesus (Golden King)

-Were responsible for the first coinage of money

The Israelites

-Established the first lasting monotheism

-Saul established the first kingdom in Palestine (c. 1030-1010 B.C.)

-After the death of Solomon (922 B.C.), the Hebrews were divided into two kingdoms (Israel and Judah)

-Disunity and conquest resulted in the destruction of Israel (722 B.C.) and Judah (586 B.C.)

-The revolt of the Israelites against Rome resulted in the destruction of Jerusalem (A.D. 70) and the forced dispersal of the Jews from Palestine (Jewish Diaspora, c. A.D. 132-135)

The Egyptians

establishe a civiliztion in the Nile Valley.

Egyptian History

Old Kingdom (massive pyramids)

Middle kingdom

New kingdom (gets agressive)

Egyptian Religion

They were polytheistic worshiping over 2,000 gods and goddesses. They believed in the afterlife and that they would be judged for their life. They had sacred burials. Ruled by Pharoahs.

Hieroglyphics

an ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds

The Nile

River that provided for the needs of Ancient Egyptians and made their great civilization possible. Agriculture was the bases of the Egyptian Society.

Greece

a republic in southeastern Europe on the southern part of the Balkan peninsula

Aegan

a center for civilizations which flourished in the 2nd and 3rd millenniums BC

Minoan Civilization

An advanced civilization that developed on the island of Crete around 2500 BCE based its prosperity

Mycenaean Civilization

A more militaristic civilization then Minoans, they traded and raided, turning on their Minoan teachers, helping to destroy Crete.

Dorians

conquered the Mycenaeans, illiterate, cause the Dark Age of violence and instability

Ionia

area along the central west coast of Asia Minor colonized by settlers from mainland Greece from about 1000 BC. Ionian Greeks, including Homer, played a central role in the early development of Greek history and literature following the Dark Ages. Birthplace for the Hellenic Civilizations.

Athens

Powerful city in Ancient Greece that was a leader in arts, sciences, philosophy, democracy and architecture.

The Age of Pericles(460 BC-429 BC)

This was the peak of the strength of the cultural and military power of Athens. During this time period there are many philosophers, including Socrates and Plato. This is also the time of the drama and many new advances in science, including Pythagoras, Democritus and Hippocrates. This is also when the Parthenon was built.

Sparta

Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts. Developed a totalitarian and militaristic state dependent on slave labor.

Oligarthy

a government in which power is in the hands of a few people--especially one in which rule is based upon wealth.

The Pelponnesian War

Athens vs Sparta, Sparta won but both were devastated unable to unite Greed city-states.

Greek Individualism

a catalyst in the collapse of the Greek city-state alliance.

Alexandar the Great

The conqueror who united the peoples of Greece, Egypt, Persia and Indus River Valley into an empire by conquering them.

Contributions of the Greeks

Democracy, Drama, Art, Architecture, Philosophy, Sculpting, Performing Arts, Philosphical Schools, Scientific Method.

The Roman Government

Constituted of a mixed government including consuls, a senate, tribune, assembly of the tribes, ...

Roman Society

Was divided into the patricians (propertied class), plebeians (main body of Roman citizens), and slaves.

The Roman Empire

Roman expansion resulted in a world republic. Emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranian.

Ceasar

Elected consul of rome in 59 bc. Genius with military strategy. Governed as an absolute ruler. Was assassinated in the senate chamber.

Augustus

First emperor of the Roman Empire. Julius Caesar's grand-nephew.

Roman Military Strategy

Divide and conquer, attack one enemy at a time, always ally with the weak power against the strong, then conquer both afterwards. Give conquered people a stake/citizenship in the empire, respect local religions and traditions. Demand loyalty and taxes, rebellion in any form is ruthlessly suppressed

The Fall of Rome

Continuous barbaric invasion. Internal factors included political instability, decreasing farm production, inflation, excessive taxation, and the decline of the military. The rise of Christianity divided the Empire.

Roman Contributions

Roman laws, justice system, court system; language(Latin); Pax Roman a long period of peace that enabled free travel and trade Building Construction, engineering and road construction. architecture, literature, art, sculpture and the humanites.

The Rise of Christianity

Began with the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. It emphasized the Holy Bible as the word of God.

Paul the Apostle

The Christian name for Saul who had been a persecutor of Christians before conversion., Was responsible for the spread of Christian theology & the resulting response from the Roman Empire.

St. Augustine

The first great Christian philosopher. He was a sinner and did not believe but eventually was converted and he wrote CIty of God as well as Confession, he is also responsible for the doctrine of Original Sin

Reasons for the Spread of Christianity

Individual conviction of ones belief, The effeciency and organization of the the early church, Doctrines that stressed equality and immorality. The establishment of the Pope.

Constantine

Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337)

Constanople

a city established as the new eastern capital of the roman empire by the emperor constantine in a.d. 330 that is now called istanbul

Byzantine Empire

Eastern Roman empire after the fall of Rome.

Byzantine Empire Success

Domination of teh commercial trade routes controlled by Constintanople and a monopoly on the silk trade. Excellant use of diplonmacy to avoid invasions. Geographically distant from the tribes who sacked Rome. Codification of Roman Law. A forstress city with excellent defensible borders.

Byzantine Empire Decline

It's geographic proximity to the Arabs, Slave, and Turks all of whom were becoming more powerful. The loss of commercial dominace over the Italians. Reliogious contraversy with west and a split with the Roman Catholic Church. The sack of the fourth crusade. The fall of Constantinople

Achievements of the Byzantine Empire

Greek language and cultural accomplishments preserved. Center for world trade and exchange of culture. It spread civilization to all of eastern Europe. It preserved the Eastern Church which converted Slavic people to Christianity. Its economic strength was based on the stability of its money economy. New focus for art; glorification of Christianity.

The Muslim Empire

the rise of Islam

Islam

Te monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran

Mohammad

The Founder of Islam. Muslims believe that Mohammad was God's last Prophet and that he received the word of God from the angel Gabriel.

Arab Caliphs

political leaders after the death of Muhammad

Arab Conquests

wars which, in the century after the death of Muhammed in 632, created an empire stretching from Spain to the Indus Valley.

Abbassides

Overthrew the Umayyad but one escaped

Umayyad

Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam

Turks

a new group of nomads that drove the tang armies out of central Asia and took control of the silk roads. because of this chinas economy was damaged

Seljiks

dominateTurkish group control caliphate

Mongols

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.

The Ottoman Empire

Took over Turkey from the Byzantine Empire and strived to expand its borders into Eastern Europe, mainly fighting the Holy Roman Empire and its various princes throughout the Middle Ages. Constanople the center. Over time it started to shrink and grow weaker, it was dismantled after WWI.

Islamic Civilization

a warlike monotheistic civilization that spread rapidly throughout the Middle East and were constantly at war. They are known for their brilliant arabesques and gorgeous craftsmanship

Islamic Government and Religion

Religious pilgramages Improved farming methods, trade and commerce led to a high standard of living, Military expansion.

The Early Middle Ages

The collapse of Rome and sweeping advances of Germanic and Viking raiders, Europe entered a time of chaotic political, economic, and urban decline A struggle back toward stability.

The Dark Ages

the name given to Medieval Europe due to its lack of cultural, societal, intellectual, political and economic progress

The Franks

A group of Germanic tribes. They became allies of the Romans and became Christian. In the 8th century they established the Carolingian rule. Perhaps the most famous leader was Charlemagne.

Charlemagne

King of the Franks who conquered much of Western Europe, great patron of literature and learning

The Viking Invasions

The Vikings built fast ships where they would ship men and cargo from their land to charlemagnes empire to pilage and plunder.

Fuedal System

The economic and social system of medieval europe, lords recieved land from the King in exchane for loyalty and serfs worked the land for the lords in exchange for protection.

Manorialism

An economic system based on the manor and lands including a village and surrounding acreage which were administered by a lord. It developed during the Middle Ages to increase agricultural production.

The Lord of the Manor

Ruled the manor. Had bailiffs to take care of day-to-day affairs.

The law of Primogeniture

Gave all property to the eldest son. Led many younger sons of the gentry to seek their fortunes in exploration and colonization.

Fuedal Contract

provided land in exchange for personal service to the King.

Hugh Capet

established Capeatian rule in France, put to throne because of his weakness; made throne hereditary; Capetians had an unbroken succession for 300 years; effective beauracracy

The Hundred Years War

This was a war between France and England between 1346 and 1453. It was fought over land in France that each wanted to control. The British began strongly, but with the help of Joan of Arc, the French rallied and eventually beat England. Two famous battles from the war are Crecy and Agincourt.

Norman Conquest

the invasion and settlement of England by the Normans following the Battle of Hastings (1066)

The Battle of Hastings

the battle that took place in 1066, in which William the Conqueror and Harold Godwinson fought for control of Normandy?

English Common Law

The basis of a court system for justice. The essence of English common law is that it is made by judges sitting in courts, applying their common sense and knowledge of legal precedent to the facts before them.

English Parliment

The legaslative body of england (lawmaking), two houses: house of lords and house of commons

The Magna Carta

Document written in 1215 which limited the power of the King and established the principle of limited government and the fundamental rights of English citizens. The document also introduced such fundamental rights as trial by jury and due process of law.

The House of Lords

...The House of Lords mainly consist of the peers and the people that have inherited their money. This House of Parliament has slowly lost its power to influence the system of government over the years.

The House of Commons

The most of the power lies on the shoulders of the House of the Commons. The Commons is elected by the people. The commons grant money, and is the law-making body in the british government.The commons pick the Prime Minister.

The War of the Roses

This war was between Aristocrats and Nobles. The Nobles wanted to control the throne so the first Tudor King, Henry VII took the throne in 1485. He abolished the Noble's private armies.

The House of Lancaster

Following the Hundred Years' war, civil war broke out between these two rival branches of the English royal Family, Lancaster claimed the throne of England when the Hundred Year finally ended

The House of York

crused by the House of Lancaster

The Reconquista

the seven-and-a-half century long process by which Christians reconquered the Iberian peninsula modern Portugal and Spain from the Muslim and Moorish states of Al-Ándalus

The Holy Roman Empire

The collection of Papal states directly under the control of the Pope. Included lands in Italy, Germany, France, Spain, and England.

Frederick Barbarossa

Among the most vigorous of the medieval emperors. Clashed with the pope over the appointment of the clergy. Known as "the red beard" (r. 1152-1190). He attempted to conquer Lombardy (n. Italy) and unite the German princes, but the popes did not approve of this and forced him to surrender Lombardy.

Decentralization of the Germanic States

Caused by a continuing power struggle with the Pope.

Class Division

The separation of people into different social groups like lower class, upper class. Clergy & nobility were the privileged class, peasants and artisans wer the work force and serfs were tied to the land.

Commercial Revival

Renewal in trade/ growth in economy. No more manorialism. Expanded the social class and a true middle class emerged. Introduced banking and the Guild system.

The Crusades

A series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Western European Christians to reclaim control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims

Scholasticism

A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. (p. 408)

Realism (Plato)

Reality consists of ideas that exist in the mind, independant of sensory powers of perception.

Romanesque

a style of architecture developed in Italy and western Europe between the Roman and the Gothic styles after 1000 AD

The Middle Ages

a period in European history, between about 1000 AD and 1500 AD, when the power of kings, people of high rank and the Christian Church was strong

The Renaissance

The great rebirth of acrt, literature, and learning in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries which marked the transition from the medieval to modern periods of European history., A new way of thinking. Which laed to future reforms for the catholic church and ultimately different religons

Humanism

the doctrine emphasizing a person's capacity for self-realization through reason

Neoplatonism

A system of philosophical and religious doctrines composed of elements of Platonism and Aristotelianism and oriental mysticism

Machiavelli

Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means."

Classical Art

the art of ancient Greece and Rome, in which harmony, order, and proportion were emphasized