RADR 1309: Exam 2

affective

one of three major categories or domains of learning; includes behaviors guided by feelings and emotions that are influenced by an individual's interests, attitudes, values, and beliefs

observe, assistance, performance

three competency phases in clinical setting

assistance

second phase of clinical education; activities in clinical that aid or support the performance of radiographic procedures and therapeutic treatments.

clinical

procedures and activities that occur in outpatient and inpatient health-care settings

clinical coordinator

a program official responsible for coordinating clinical education and evaluation of its effectiveness.

clinical instructor

program official responsible for clinical instruction, supervision, and evaluation of students in the clinical setting.

clinical staff

healthcare professionals employed in the clinical setting where students participate in clinical education and provide clinical supervision and guidance

cognitive

one of the three major categories or domains of learning; includes various levels of though, such as knowledge, understanding, reason, and judgement

competency

observable and documented successful achievement of perfromance objectives

didactic

informational and instructional activities that may occur in formal or informal settings, typically in the classroom, laboratory, or online.

direct supervision

oversight of clinical procedures or treatment by a qualified professional present in the exam or treatment room with the student

indirect supervision

oversight of clinical procedures by a qualified professional immediately available to the student

interprofessional education (IPE)

an approach to teaching students and healthcare workers where students or members or two or more professions learn with, from, and about eachother to improve collaborations and the quality of patient care

learning outcomes

program level measurable expectations for student learning

objectives

concise descriptions of an observable behavior to be achieved by students as a result of their educational experiences within a course or educational model

observe

the initial stage of clinical; activities in clinical settings where students watch and listen to the performance of radiographic procedures and therapeutic treatments

program director

program official that provides leadership for the program and ensures program effectiveness.

perform

activities in clinical where students complete radiographic procedures and therapeutic treatments with appropriate supervision of a qualified prossional

psychomotor

one of the three major categories or domains of learning; includes behaviors involving physical actions, neuromuscular manipulations, and coordination

SBAR (situation, background, assesment, recommendation)

a communication method used to assure an effective handoff of patients from one healthcare worker to another

TeamSTEPPS (Team Strategies and Tools to Enhance Performance and Patient Safety)

An evidence-based teamwork system that is used in many healthcare institutions to improve the quality, safety, and efficiency of healthcare.

transfer of learning

learning in one context and applying it to another

3 learning domains

cognitive, psychomotor, affective

HIPPA

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

protects patient health information confidentially and data security

in formal settings such as the classroom, the laboratory, and online.

where does didactic education take place

direct supervision

supervision that requires the radiographer review the request for examination, evaluates the condition of the patient in relation to the students knowledge, is physically present during the procedure and reviews and approves the procedure/image

indirect supervision

supervision that requires the radiographer to review, evaluate, and approve procedures and is immediatley available to assits students regardless of the level of the student achievement.

36 Mandatory competencies

15 Elective competencies

What are the required clinical competencies that a radiologic technology student must complete in order to be certified by the ARRT?

protons, neutrons, and electrons

3 subatomic particles that an atom consists of

binding energy

What energy does an electron have when it is more tightly bound/closer to the nucleus....the higher the atomic number the higher __________ energy. e

total energy

the energy an electron has when it is further away from the nucleus this energy is always negative. the closer the electron is to the nucleus the more negative the ______ energy.

1. vaccuum (tube) housing

2. source of electrons (cathode -)

3. method to accelerate electrons to great speed (voltage kv)

4. method to stop electrons (target)

conditions for x-ray photons to be created (production requirements)

1. support structures

2. protective housing

3. glass or metal enclosure

What does the external structure of the x-ray tube consist of

99%

How much of an x-ray is heat?

associated wiring, focusing cup, and dual filaments

what is the cathode assembly

the filament

where do the souce of electrons live inside an x-ray tube

thoriated tungsten wire

what are filaments made out of

molybdenum and nickel alloy

what is the focusing cup made of

tungsten rhenium, molybdenum, and graphite

layers of the anode

false

electromagnetic induction

what causes the rotors to rotate in the x-ray tube

copper

what is the rotor made of

anode

where does x-ray production occur

focal spot (focal track; target)

the exact point where x-ray photons are created

outside the glass envelope and inside the metal housing

Where is the stator located?

Characteristic Radiation and Bremsstrahlung Radiation

two types of interactions

characterization radiation

what interaction happens at the anode, electron drops in the K shell, electron drops in to balance, a dislodging is involved

Bremmstrahlung Radiation

what interaction is created when an electron enters the tungsten anode of the x-ray tube and misses the tungsten electrons and gets near the nucleus, coming into contact with the nuclear force field? The electron suddenly slows down and turns. (Happens more often)

characteristic

what radiation is produced by electron interactions at the inner k-shell of the target atoms

Automatic Rescaling

process by which images are produced with uniform brightness and contrast, regardless of the amount of exposure

brightness

function on a display monitor, it changes image lightness/darkness (appearance) not related to IR exposure

computed radiography (CR)

digital image acquisition modality that uses storage phosphor plates (PSP) to produce images

contrast

represented as gray tones in an image

contrast resolution

detail in colors and shades. the ability to distinguish between very subtle differences in image receptor exposures and differentiate them from the noise in the image

spatial resolution

detail in the difference of structures; sharpness or recorded detail; the degree of accuracy of the structural lines actually recorded in the image

detector element (DEL)

pixel-size element of the digital radiography image receptor that has a fixed dimension in x- and y- y-orientation

data drop

condition due to extreme overexposure, which causes digital detector elements to become overwhelmed with photon energy and leads to drop of data during image reconstruction.

detector saturation

data drop that involves areas or regions of the digital detector

digital radiography (DR)

digital image acquisition systems that convert x-ray energy into a digital electronic signal for manipulation and display using direct or indirect conversion

direct conversion flat-panel detector

a device that converts incident x-ray energy directly into an electronic signal, typically using a photoconductor as the x-ray absorber and a thin-film transistor as the signal collection area, which then sends the electronic signal to the computer for processing and viewing

displayed image contrast

relative brightness difference between the adjacent pixels in a digital image as viewed on a monitor

distortion

misrepresentation of the true size or shape of an object

EXPOSURE INDICATOR

numeric representation of the quantity of exposure recieved by a digital image receptor

exposure latitude

fog

undesirable exposure to the image receptor

grayscale bit depth

number of shades of gray that can be stored per detector element and displayed per pixel; ranges from 8 bits to 32 bits

grid

a device consisting of thin lead strips designed to permit primary radiation to pass while absorbing scatter radiation.

half-value layer

amount of filtration necessary to reduce the intensity of the radiation beam to 1/2 its original size

image receptor (IR) exposure

Amount of ionizing radiation received by the image receptor

indirect conversion flat-panel detector

Device that converts x-ray energy into light; the light is then detected by a charge-coupled device or photodiodes that are coupled with thin-film transistors, and converted into an electronic signal that is sent to the computer for processing and viewing

inverse square law

a mathematical formula that describes the relationship between radiation intensity and distance from the source of radiation

raw image contrast

contrast recorded in the image receptor prior to computer processing

penetrating ability

ability of an x-ray beam to pss through an object; controlled by the kilovoltage peak of the beam.

penumbra

fuzzy edge of an object as imaged radiographically; also known as image unsharpness

umbra

true edge of an object as imaged radiographically

pixel

picture element and the smallest component of the matrix

subject contrast

range of differences in the intensity of the x-ray beam after it has been attenuated by the subject

window width

digital image processing parameter that changes the displayed image contrast on the monitor; usually through the use of a mouse

window level

digital image processing parameter that changes displayed image brightness on the monitor

primary radiation

the beam of photons that leaves the tube before interacting with the pt's body;

remnant radiation

radiation that exits the pt and reaches the image receptor (IR); creates chemical changes within the IR that are invisible. (creates the latent image)

scatter radiation

radiation that has interacted with the body's matter and travels in a different direction (non-diagnostic)

attenuation

the loss of x-ray energy as it passes through matter

radiopaque tissue (bone)

what type of tissue has more attenuation

patient thickness, cell composition, atomic #, cell density, and pathology

the degree to which x-rays are attenuated depend on what patient characteristics?

latent image

the invisible image formed on the image receptor before processing

manifest image

the visible image after processing

Radiopaque

not easily penetrable; substances that do not permit the passage of x-rays (white)

Radiolucent

Permitting the passage of x-rays or other forms of radiant energy with little attenuation (black)

1. Film-screen

2. Computed Radiography (CR)

3. Digital Radiography (DR)

three major categories of image receptor systems

Digital Radiography (DR)

cassette-less; can be direct capture or indirect capture

Computed Radiography (CR)

cassette based system and readers

direct conversion (DR)

photons absorbed by the coating material and immediately converted into an electrical signal. does not use light during exposure

indirect capture

a two step process: x-ray photons are first converted to light using a scintillator (amorphous silicon) and that light is then converted into electrical signals.

CCD and TFT (thin film transistors)

Two types of indirect conversion

mAs (milliamperage x time), kVp (kilovoltage peak), and SID (source-to-image distance)

What are the 3 prime exposure factors

mAs

controls the "quantity" of x-rays produced; affects image receptor exposured

kVp

the measure of electrical pressure (potential difference) forcing the current through the tube. controls the "quality" (penetrating ability) and affects the quantity of the x-ray photons produced; affects contrast

SID (source-to-image distance)

affects the intensity of radiation at the image receptor and image geometry

degrades the image quality

what happens if scatter radiation reaches the IR?