21st lit summative

Steven Lynn’s Analogy

Literary criticism as travel agencies

Literary Criticism

The analysis, critique, comparison, scrutiny, and evaluation of any piece of literature with an aim to deepen readers’ understanding, judge the quality of the work, and its significance

Formalist Criticism

analyzes a literary text by examining its intrinsic elements such as structure, style, symbolism, and language.

Canon

Pertains to the collection of works considered representative of a period or of a genre

Canonical Writers

Are those writing styles and whose marks had a significant impact on all genre, and contribution to literature in general.

Universality

Applicable across cultures and times

Permanence

Pertains to how a great work of literature has an enduring quality

Artistry

Deals with the aesthetic quality of how a great literary work appeals to our sense of what is deemed beautiful

Style

The way the writer sees life, forms his/her ideas and expresses them through writing.

Intellectual value

Pertains to how great literary work stimulates the reader’s thoughts and challenges them to think critically and analytically.

Spiritual Value

Pertains to how great literature inspires the readers and implies moral lesson and values.

Suggestiveness

Deals with the emotional power of literature. It has the capacity to stir and evoke the emotions and imaginations of the readers

Paz Marquez Benitez

Compiled “Filipino Love Stories”, which was considered the first anthology of Philippine stories in English by Filipinos, from the work of her students

Paz Marquez Benitez

Dead Stars: 1925

Cultural-Historical Approach

A way of reading literature by looking at the time, place, and culture, in which the story was written

Key Elements to Analyze

Historical Context -
Cultural values and beliefs -
Societal structures -
The author’s position in the society

Jose Garcia Villa

First Filipino writer to gain international recognition in English literature

Dodong

Naïve and headstrong youth who grows into a regretful, burdened adult

Dodong’s Father

A wise, quiet man who once faced the same situation; voice of experience

Teang

Represents the cost of early marriage and motherhood; wonders about a different life.

Blas

Dodong’s son, who mirrors his youthful mistakes.

Literature and Culture

Reflects and expresses the values and traditions of a culture while also influencing and shaping that culture through storytelling and artistic expression

Flash Fiction

Very short story

Spoken Word Poetry

A performance-based poetry that emphasizes wordplay, emotion, and delivery, often addressing social or personal themes.

Creative Nonfiction

Factual writing that uses literary styles and techniques to tell true stories (e.g., memoirs, personal essays)

Digital Essays and Web Literature

Literary works created or published online, often incorporating multimedia elements like audio, video, or hyperlinks.

Zines and Indie Publications

Self-published, small circulation works that often focus on niche or countercultural topics, showcasing personal or creative expression

Virgilio Almario

Rio Alma

Rogelio Sicat

Father of the author of Typewriting Altar

Luna Sicat Cleto

She’s known for her lyrical prose and emotional honesty

Angele Manalang Gloria

Poet who wrote in English

Jun Cruz Reyes

Known for his sharp, witty, and subversive style

Gregorio Brillantes

Known for his sophisticated and elegant style, which is compared to James Joyce

Damiana Eugenio

Mother of Philippine Folklore

Laya Dimasupil

Talent in writing, intimidated by her father. The reason she did not start writing immediately

The Reader is Central

The meaning of a literary work is created in the interaction between the reader and the text

No Single Interpretation

There is no “correct” or “fixed” meaning of a text; interpretations vary depending on the reader’s background

Reading is an Active Process

The act of reading involves a dynamic exchange between text and reader.

Textual Gaps

The reader fills in “gaps” in a text using their imagination, prior knowledge, and cultural context

Subjectivity is Valid

personal reactions, emotional response

Baybayin

(ancient script)

Chants

used during weddings, harvests, rituals

Epics

long heroic narratives that celebrated warriors, gods, or ancestors.

Riddles

used for entertainment, intellectual training, and teaching values

Proverbs

concise expressions of wisdom and moral values

Myths and legends

explained the origin of the world, nature, and cultural practices.

Pre-Colonial Period (Before 1521)

Literature existed in the form of spoken word and ritual performances.

Spanish Colonial Period (1521-1898)

Literature played a big role in the spread of Christianity in the country

Pasyon

a lyrical narrative of the passion, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ

Awit and Korido

metrical romances. They often featured chivalric tales

Awit

dodecasyllabic, 12 lines, sang slowly, melodious, romantic

Korido

Octosyllabic, 8 lines, adventure, fantasy, faster in pace

Zarzuela:

musical dramas often performed in town plazas

Dalit

short religious hymns or lyrical poems used in praising saints or God

American Colonial Period (1898-1946)

s introduced free public education, English language instruction, and a new form of literature grounded in realism and individualism.

Japanese Colonial Period (1842-1945)

Literary development was interrupted - English was prohibited

Tanaga

(Filipino form of short poetry)

Haiku

(Japanese poetry, 3 lines with 5-7-5 syllable form)

Martial Law to the Present

Literature became a means of protest and documentation of state repression.