Chapter 18 Koepke Endocrine System

What is the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland connected by

Infundibulum

List all the hormones that the Anterior pituitary gland is associated with

hGH, TSH, FSH, LH, PRL, ACTH, and MSH

List all the hormones that the posterior pituitary gland is associated with

Oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone

hGH. Targets, function, imbalances

Human Growth Hormone

Targets bones, liver, and muscle

Stimulates growth of body cells, tissue repair, lipolysis, and elevation of blood glucose

Hyper: Gigantism and acromegaly

Hypo: Pituitary dwarfism

TSH. Targets, function, imbalances

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Targets thyroid

Stimulates synthesis and secretion of T3 and T4

Hyper: Hypothyroidism. high TSH, low T3 T4

Hypo: Hyperthyroidism. high T3 T4 low TSH

FSH. Targets, function, imbalances

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Targets ovaries and testes

Stimulates ovarian follicles, secretion of estrogen; Secretion of sperm

Hyper: Ovarian insufficieny and menopause

Hypo: Infertility and low sperm

LH. Targets, function, imbalances

Lutienizing Hormone

Targets ovaries and testes

Stimulates ovulation, secretion of estrogen and progesterone

Hyper: Ovarian insufficiency, menopause, testicular failure

Hypo: Pituitary disorder, stress, and low testosterone

PRL. Targets, function, imbalances

Prolactin

Targets mammary glands

Stimualtes the production of milk

Hyper: Tumor

Hypo: inabililty to breastfeed

ACTH. Targets, function, imbalances

Adenocorticotropic Hormone

Targets adrenal cortex

Stimualtes the secretion of glucocorticoids (Mainly cortisol)

Hyper: Addison’s disease- high ACTH and low cortisol

Hypo: Corticosteroids treatment- high corisol and low ACTH

MSH. Targets, function, imbalances

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone

Targets melanocytes

Darkens skin

ADH. Targets, function, imbalances

Antidiueretic Hormone

Targets kidneys, sweat glands, and aterioles

Decrease urine production

Decrease persperation

Increase BP by vasocontriction of the arterioles

Hyper: Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion

Hypo: Diabetes insipidus (lots of pee and thirst)

Oxytocin. Targets, function, imbalances

Targets uterus and mammary glands

Milk ejection. “Love hormone”

Hyper: More emotional

Hypo: Inability to breastfeed

Hormones associated with the pineal gland

Melatonin

MT. Targets, function, imbalances

Melatonin

Targets brain

Sleep and wake cycle and timing of sexual maturation'

Hyper: Drowsiness and low body temp

Hypo: Insommnia

T3 T4. Targets, function, imbalances.

Targets muscle, liver, bone, heart, brain

Stimulates metabolism, protein synthesis, ATP production, lipolysis, DEVELOPMENT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Hyper: Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s disease)

Hypo: Hypothyroidism

CT. Targets, function, imbalances

Calcitonin

Targets osteoclasts

Decrease blood calcium and osteoclast activity

PTH. Targets, function, imbalances

Parathyroid Hormone

Targets osteoclasts, kidneys, and small intestine

Increases blood calcium level and osteoclast activity. Promotes formation of calcitrol (vitamin D).

Hyper: Hypercalcemia, Hyperparathyroidism

Hypo: Hypocalcemia, Hypoparathyroidism

Hormones associated with the adrenal gland

Cortisol, Aldosterone, Andrognes, and Epinephrine

ALD. Targets, function, imbalances

Targets kidneys

Reabsorbion of Na+, Cl-, and H2O. Secretion of K+

Hyper: Hypokalemia

Hypo: Addison’s diesease- low cortisol and low aldosterone

Cortisol (CORT). Targets, function, imbalances

Targets liver, muscle, immune system

Decreases inflammation and suppresses immune system. Stimulates gluconeogenesis

Hyper: Cushing’s syndrome

Hypo: Addison’s disease

Androgens (AR). Targets, function, imbalances

Targets ovaries and testes.

Converted to testosterone and estrogen

(EPI). Targets, function, imbalances

Targets brionchioles, liver, pupils, heart, and stomach

Dialates pupils and bronchioles, increases blood sugar, inhibits stomach, increaes BP, Increase heart rate

Hyper: Pheochromocytoma (adrenal gland tumor)

Hypo: ADHD, depression, hypotension

What cells and hormones are associated with the pancreas

Alpha cells which produce glucagon

Beta cells which product insulin

Alpha cells and glucagon. Targets, function, imbalances

Targets liver

Increases blood glucose levels

Glycogenolysis- liver converts glucogen to glucose

Gluconeogenesis

Hyper: Hyperglycemia, pee a lot, thirst

Hypo: Hypoglycemia, fatigue, nervousness

Beta cells and insulin. Targets, function, imbalances

Targets most cells

Decreases blood glucose levels

Glycogenesis- converts glucose to glycogen

Lipogenesis- converts glucose to triglycerides

Hyper: A response to insulin resistance

Hypo: Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Type 1 diabetes

Loss of beta cells, low insulin

Low cellular glucose

Early in life

Type 2 diabetes

Insulin resistance

Caused by poor diet and lack of exercise

Later in life

Hormones associated with the ovaries. Targets, function, imbalances

Targets fallopian tube

Estrogen, progesterone, Relaxin, adn Inhbin

Responsible for preparing mamary gland for lactation, pregnancym and the female reproductive cycel

Hormones associated with the Testes. Targets, function, imbalances

Targets the vans deferens

Testosterone and inhibin

Sperm production

What is the thymus involved in

Involved in the immune response

The outer cortex of the adrenal cortex produces what

Aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens

The medulla produces what

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Pitocin

Oxytocin agonist used to induce labor, increase speed of labor, and to stop bleeding following delivery of a baby

Erythropoietin

Used as a medication to treat anemia resulting from kidney failure or cancer treatment

Mifepristone

Progesterone receptor antagonist used to induce abortion

Levothyroxine

Given to patients with myxedema (hypothyroidism)

Progestin

Prevents unwatned pregnancies

Metformin

Decrease glucose production by the liver and incrase insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetics

Prednisone

Similar to cortisol. Used as an antiinflammatory

Clomiphene

Inhibits estrogen receptors in the hypothalamus which leads to more FSH and LH to be produced. Increases chances of pregnancy

Tamoxifen

Estrogen receptor antagonist used to treat certain breast cancers that are stimulated by estrogen